<html><head></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">Candace Fallon <<a href="mailto:candace.fallon@xerces.org" class="">candace.fallon@xerces.org</a>> wrote:</div><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="">Thank you, Roger. I hope the migrant population survives as well! </div></div></blockquote><br class=""></div><div><div>We already know the seasonal North American monarch migration is </div><div>not a fragile phenomenon that is vulnerable to extinction if the population</div><div>drops below a certain size due to reductions in native milkweed abundance</div><div>or from changes in climate or from increased plantings of non-native </div><div>evergreen tropical milkweeds. We know this because in the mid-1800’s</div><div>when mere handfuls of North American monarchs, preadapted to North </div><div>American climates and deciduous North American milkweeds, were</div><div>inadvertently transported to Australia and New Zealand on ships, the </div><div>seasonal migration and overwintering phenomenon quickly arose from </div><div>scratch in multiple areas of those countries and the phenomenon was</div><div>supported entirely by evergreen tropical milkweeds of African origin. </div><div><br class=""></div><div>Example of migratory monarchs in reproductive diapause overwintering </div><div>in Christchurch, New Zealand: </div><div><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.christchurchdailyphoto.com_wp-2Dcontent_uploads_2013_05_DSC04328.jpg&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=nLvdW4rba8H5I-L-ysIJRoDOy3AWvwJqLlqDfkiXEnk&s=WIbSoVG1EfEHJMr0jEvDvSCcVC4sOdpg5ij76_fRx2Q&e=" class="">http://www.christchurchdailyphoto.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/DSC04328.jpg</a> </div><div><br class=""></div><div>And in southeastern Australia: </div><div><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.fluidr.com_photos_ausee_sets_72157631269381288&d=CwMFaQ&c=-dg2m7zWuuDZ0MUcV7Sdqw&r=tVAKMFPe3UCcsMWUFXo0FeX0xe1JUAj77B74DAI3DKI&m=nLvdW4rba8H5I-L-ysIJRoDOy3AWvwJqLlqDfkiXEnk&s=YN-gCRqu1PmVhXNvTjrgLtAXu8e69H5pYBzx3CxBUik&e=" class="">http://www.fluidr.com/photos/ausee/sets/72157631269381288</a></div><div><br class=""></div><div>Paul Cherubini</div><div>El Dorado, Calif.</div></div></body></html>