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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Hi Steven –<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>What is a good use? One could argue that bears, gulls, corvids and other species make good use of human trash by eating it, and that many sessile marine invertebrates use trash as their substrate, and other aquatic creatures by living inside bottles and cans, but I have a feeling that is not what you are looking for…<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crows and Ravens collect shiny human made objects to decorate nests and possible to gift to each other (and even friendly humans?) – See John Marzluff’s work (summary of some of this in Gifts of the Crow)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crows and Ravens have been observed to use human trash (lids, other plastic) as sleds to slide down snow or even “wind surf”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I have seen caddisfly cases that have incorporated trash pieces<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>House Finches and House Sparrows incorporate smoked cigarette butts in their nests to repel ectoparasites (see below) ---<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Many birds incorporate thread, plastic, ribbons and other trash and domestic animal hair into their nests. There are some great examples of these in some of the beautiful photos in Eggs and Nest put out by the WFVZ (Purcell, Hall and Corado), or they nest inside of discarded cans or other objects.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvOTd67905e7;color:#231F20'>Sua´rez-Rodrı´guez M, Lo´pez-Rull I, Garcia CM. 2012 Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds: new ingredients for an old recipe? Biol Lett 20120931.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:AdvOTd67905e7;color:#231F20'>http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Abstract:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>Birds are known to respond to nest-dwelling parasites by altering behaviours.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>Some bird species, for example, bring fresh plants to the nest, </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTT9f665322.B","serif";color:#231F20'>Q1<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>which contain volatile compounds that repel parasites. There is evidence<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>that some birds living in cities incorporate cigarette butts into their nests,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>but the effect (if any) of this behaviour remains unclear. Butts from<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>smoked cigarettes retain substantial amounts of nicotine and other compounds<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>that may also act as arthropod repellents. We provide the first<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>evidence that smoked cigarette butts may function as a parasite repellent<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>in urban bird nests. The amount of cellulose acetate from butts in nests of<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>two widely distributed urban birds was negatively associated with the<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>number of nest-dwelling parasites. Moreover, when parasites were attracted<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>to heat traps containing smoked or non-smoked cigarette butts, fewer parasites<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>reached the former, presumably due to the presence of nicotine.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>Because urbanization changes the abundance and type of resources upon<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>which birds depend, including nesting materials and plants involved in<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>self-medication, our results are consistent with the view that urbanization<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>imposes new challenges on birds that are dealt with using adaptations<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"AdvTTc999d02f","serif";color:#231F20'>evolved elsewhere.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=8e69beeb-7d01-42f9-961f-8f6aa163f404><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Sounds like a fun project.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Peter Wimberger<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Albertson Distinguished Professor, Biology<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Director, Slater Museum of Natural History <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>University of Puget Sound <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tacoma, WA 98416<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>253 879-2784<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><a href="http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/">http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu [mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Eastwood, Rodney<br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, August 01, 2013 1:07 PM<br><b>To:</b> Steven Jasinski<br><b>Cc:</b> nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Nhcoll-l] Looking for possible literature on human trash<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Steven, <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Bower birds in Australia make use of 'blue' trash. <a href="http://www.oceanwideimages.com/categories.asp?cID=204&p=3">http://www.oceanwideimages.com/categories.asp?cID=204&p=3</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Rod.<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>***************************************<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Rod Eastwood, PhD <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Museum of Comparative Zoology<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Harvard University<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>26 Oxford Street<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Cambridge, MA 02138<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Cell: +1 617 999 8724<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Fax: +1 617 495 5667<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Email: <a href="mailto:eastwood@fas.harvard.edu">eastwood@fas.harvard.edu</a><br>****************************************<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Aug 1, 2013, at 3:52 PM, Steven Jasinski wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Hi, I know this seems a bit of an odd request on this mailing list, but I've been coming up empty and hoping someone out there has a better chance with any possible knowledge on this subject. I'm looking for any literature on the good use of human trash by animals. I figure there is probably some things out there by marine animals, but I'm looking more for those by terrestrial or freshwater animals, and preferably tetrapods. If no one can come up with anything that will still be ok. I'm sure its been observed before, just not sure if anything has ever been reported.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> ~Steven<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br>Steven E. Jasinski<br>Curator of Paleontology and Geology<br>State Museum of Pennsylvania<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Graduate Studies - Paleontology conc.<br>Department of Biology<br>East Tennessee State University<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>Phone: (717)586-9835<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal>_______________________________________________<br>Nhcoll-l mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">Nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br><a href="http://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/nhcoll-l">http://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/nhcoll-l</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>