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<DIV dir=ltr align=left><SPAN class=161464013-02122013><FONT color=#0000ff
size=2 face=Arial>And why are there no photos of this pillage?!
None...</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial>Mary Beth Prondzinski</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial>Director of Collections</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial>Fairbanks Museum &
Planetarium</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial>1302 Main Street</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial>St. Johnsbury, VT 05819</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial>(802) 748-2372 x110</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial><A
href="mailto:mprondzinski@fairbanksmuseum.org">mprondzinski@fairbanksmuseum.org</A></FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial><A
href="http://fairbanksmuseum.org/">http://fairbanksmuseum.org/</A></FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=left><FONT size=2 face=Arial><A
href="http://vermonttv.net/">http://vermonttv.net/</A></FONT></DIV>
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<FONT size=2 face=Tahoma><B>From:</B> nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu
[mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Ellen
Paul<BR><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, November 26, 2013 6:29 PM<BR><B>To:</B>
nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu<BR><B>Subject:</B> [Nhcoll-l] 2014 marks centenary of
extinction of the PassengerPigeon<BR></FONT><BR></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=moz-cite-prefix>The timing of the events has to be taken into
consideration. Audubon wrote that in 1813. A population that vast could take a
fair amount of hunting pressure. However, the huge slaughters by market hunters
continued into the 1850s and 1860s, facilitated by rail access to the markets.
<BR><BR>From David Blockstein's species account in the Birds of North
America:<BR><BR>
<P id=13.1.1.2.4
style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana,
sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>“As settlement advanced, as railroads
were built, spanning the continent, as telegraph lines followed them, as markets
developed for the birds, an army of people, hunters, settlers, netters and
Indians, found in the pigeons a considerable part of their means of subsistence,
and the birds were constantly pursued and killed whenever they appeared,<EM
class=sciname>at all seasons of the year</EM><SPAN
class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN>” (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048">Forbush
1927</A>: 67).</P>
<P id=13.1.1.2.5
style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana,
sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">In
1842, 3,000 live pigeons were transported by rail from Michigan to Boston. In
1851, an estimated 1,800,000 pigeons were sent to New York City from a nesting
in n. New York (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114">Schorger
1955</A>: 145). By the time the Civil War ended, most of the U.S. east of the
Mississippi was covered by railroad. Only a handful of nesting colonies was too
far from rail or ship for market exploitation. Even a nesting in 1881 in
Oklahoma, 176 km from the railroad, was pillaged by commercial trappers (<A
class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib003">Anon.
1881</A>,<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib076">Judy
1881</A>).</P>
<P id=13.1.1.2.6
style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana,
sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Often
hundreds of thousands of adults and squabs were shipped from a single nesting.
Large numbers of birds were destroyed by locals or otherwise killed but not
transported. A million birds could be lost at a single nesting. Yet even these
large numbers of birds killed were probably not sufficient to cause the
precipitous decline in the population. Overhunting did not exterminate the
Passenger Pigeon as is commonly believed. Rather, the disturbance of the nesting
colonies led the birds to abandon the nestings prematurely (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020">Blockstein
and Tordoff 1985</A>). This, coupled with slaughter of nestlings as well as
adults, largely eliminated replacement of the population.</P>The simultaneous
destruction of the forests of the East obviously played a big role.
<BR><BR>Again, from Blockstein:<BR><BR>
<P id=13.1.1.2.7
style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana,
sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Deforestation
was also a major factor in the decline because it reduced the area available to
the pigeons and thus reduced the opportunities for nesting and roosting
colonies. Being nomadic, Passenger Pigeons needed enormous areas to find some
conditions suitable for nesting (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib007">Askins
2000</A>). Because nesting colonies formed only where there was sufficient mast,
the reduction in the forest meant that in some years there was no nesting at
all. Forbush (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048">1927</A>:
66) agreed that the decrease “was due in part to the destruction of the forests,
particularly the beech woods. . . .” Another nineteenth-century technology, the
portable saw mill introduced in 1870s, sped the destruction of what had once
been a completely forested landscape. By 1880, about 80% of the original forest
of New England had been cleared (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib075">Irland
1982</A>). Deforestation in the major nesting area of north-central Pennsylvania
began in 1872, but did not reach full speed until 1892 (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib050">French
1919</A>: 110). Michigan was still well wooded in 1883 (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib104">Rand
McNally and Co. 1883</A>), although it was being logged rapidly, particularly
for its pines, which would have had less impact on the Passenger Pigeon than
logging of deciduous trees.</P>
<P id=13.1.1.2.8
style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana,
sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Deforestation,
which occurred from east to west, reduced the available habitat. In the early
eighteenth century, Wilson (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib133">1812</A>:
109) noted that although the species was sometimes very numerous in the Atlantic
states, it never appeared in “such unparalleled multitudes” of “congregated
millions” as in the “western forests” of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. The last
recorded mass nesting in Massachusetts was in 1850s (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048">Forbush
1927</A>), in New York in the 1870s. From 1870 on, almost all of the nesting
colonies recorded were in the forested Alleghenies of n. Pennsylvania and the
Great Lake states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and, to a lesser extent, Minnesota (<A
class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib090">Mershon
1907</A>). These were the areas where intact original forest remained (<A
class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib132">Williams
1989</A>). In 1892, Bendire (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib013">1892</A>:
132–133) wrote, “breeding range . . . principally in thinly settled and wooded
region along our northern border . . . as well as . . . Canada, and north at
least to Hudson Bay. Isolated and scattering pairs probably still breed in New
England States, northern New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
and a few other localities further south, but the enormous breeding colonies . .
. are . . . things of the past, probably never to be seen again. In fact, the
extermination . . . has progressed so rapidly during the last twenty years that
it now looks as if their total extermination might be accomplished in the
present century.”</P>
<P id=13.1.1.2.9
style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana,
sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Schorger
(<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114">1955</A>)
and Blockstein and Tordoff (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020">1985</A>)
argued that the extent of mast-bearing forest in the 1870s and 1880s was
sufficient to support the population. However it apparently was not enough to
allow nesting colonies every year. After another 3 decades, there was
essentially no sufficient forest left. But the pigeons were gone before the last
deciduous forests. “The destruction of the forest was not yet complete; for,
although great tracts of land were cleared, there remained and still remain vast
regions more or less covered by coppice growth sufficient to furnish hosts of
pigeons with food, and the cultivation of land and the raising of grain provided
new sources of food supply. Therefore, while the reduction of the forest area in
the east was a factor in the diminution of the pigeons, we cannot attribute
their extermination to the destruction of the forest” (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048">Forbush
1927</A>: 66).</P><BR class=Apple-interchange-newline>
<DIV id=13.1 class=section
style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; LETTER-SPACING: normal; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">
<DIV id=13.1.1 class=subsection>
<DIV id=13.1.1.3 class=subject>
<P id=13.1.1.3.2
style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">Once
the population reached a level of thousands, rather than billions, the species
was unable to recover. Several factors may have been involved. Persecution
continued, nearly to the end. In spring 1883, all of the young were reportedly
taken. One man was said to have taken 60,000 and several others 10,000 young
each (E. S. Bond in<SPAN class=Apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A
class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib004">Anon.
1883</A>). Over 5,000 birds were reportedly killed at a roost in Missouri the
following winter (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib005">Anon.
1884</A>). Over 1,000 carcasses were shipped to Boston in 1891 (Editor 1891 in<A
class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114">Schorger
1955</A>: 218). Market-hunting continued until at least 1893, and shooting was
reported to the end.</P>
<P id=13.1.1.3.3
style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">Blockstein
and Tordoff (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020">1985</A>)
hypothesized that the species slowly faded away throughout its last decade. By
1892, “the majority [were] no longer breeding in colonies, but scattering around
the country and breeding in isolated pairs” (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib013">Bendire
1892</A>: 133). Since the species lacked the numbers for predator satiation
through mass nesting that had been responsible for its success and had no
antipredator adaptations for nesting, such as nest concealment, and since it
laid only a single egg, nest success must have been insufficient to maintain the
population.</P>
<P id=13.1.1.3.4
style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">In
contrast, Bucher (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib026">1992</A>:
25) argued that the decline in numbers circumvented the social facilitation
necessary for the flocks to find enough mast for a successful nesting. In his
view, once a population went below a minimum viable size, “the remaining
individuals were unable to find food patches at [an] adequate rate.” He felt it
“likely that a whole flock may have ‘missed’ good spots when moving north and
starved or at least failed to produce enough offspring to compensate for adult
mortality.” However, a smaller flock would need less food to sustain itself, and
it seems likely that a pair could have found enough food (mast and crops) to eat
and probably even to breed.</P>
<P id=13.1.1.3.5
style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">Both
arguments are based on the inability of a small population to maintain itself
after numbers were insufficient to achieve the evolved strategy essential to the
success of the species—predator satiation (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020">Blockstein
and Tordoff 1985</A>) or social facilitation of foraging (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib026">Bucher
1992</A>). The unknowable true cause may have had elements of each. However, it
is known that the pigeons continued to nest in colonies, even as late as
1885–1887 (<A class=biblio
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114">Schorger
1955</A>: 216). After that, there was at least some success in nesting in very
small groups or even lone pairs (as always had been the case with a minuscule
proportion of the population). The last birds collected in 1899 in Wisconsin and
in 1900 in Ohio were both immatures.</P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV id=13.2 class=section
style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; LETTER-SPACING: normal; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><BR
class=Apple-interchange-newline></DIV><BR><PRE class=moz-signature cols="72">Ellen Paul
Executive Director
The Ornithological Council
Email: <A class=moz-txt-link-abbreviated href="mailto:ellen.paul@verizon.net">ellen.paul@verizon.net</A>
"Providing Scientific Information about Birds<A class=moz-txt-link-rfc2396E href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET">"
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"</A>
</PRE>On 11/26/13, 6:11 PM, Rowe, Timothy B wrote:<BR></DIV>
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<DIV id=divtagdefaultwrapper
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; COLOR: #000000; MARGIN: 0px"
name="divtagdefaultwrapper">I'm quite glad to see that you have brought this
portentous anniversary brought into the spotlight. <BR><BR>But what
exactly do you mean by "human persecution"?<BR><BR>Audubon himself reported
that the Passenger pigeon was breeding at a pace that mitigated human hunting
pressures. However, he warned that cutting the old growth forests was
something that could pressure them into extinction. There is ample
literature to show that, state-by-state, as the portable saw mills took down
the old forests, loss of adequate food and breeding environment was the
proximate and immediate cause of extinction, not over-hunting.
<BR><BR>But take comfort in the fact that even great luminaries like Jared
Diamond and E. O. Wilson fell into the same trap - implying that human
overkill was the source. <BR><BR>Here is why it is important to get this
diagnosis correct: a hunting ban would not have saved the Passenger pigeon,
but a logging ban just might have. <BR><BR>The causes of extinction are
subtle - all the more reason to use this anniversary to promote research on
this most critical topic.<BR><BR>Tim<BR><BR>Timothy Rowe<BR>Director,
Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory<BR>The University of Texas at Austin<BR>
<P><BR></P>
<DIV style="COLOR: rgb(40,40,40)">
<HR tabIndex=-1 style="DISPLAY: inline-block; WIDTH: 98%">
<DIV id=divRplyFwdMsg dir=ltr><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt" color=#000000
face="Calibri, sans-serif"><B>From:</B> <A class=moz-txt-link-abbreviated
href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</A>
<A class=moz-txt-link-rfc2396E
href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu"><nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu></A>
on behalf of Steve Sullivan <A class=moz-txt-link-rfc2396E
href="mailto:ssullivan@naturemuseum.org"><ssullivan@naturemuseum.org></A><BR><B>Sent:</B>
Monday, November 25, 2013 11:44 AM<BR><B>To:</B> <A
class=moz-txt-link-abbreviated
href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</A><BR><B>Subject:</B>
[Nhcoll-l] 2014 marks centenary of extinction of the Passenger Pigeon</FONT>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">This month many of our thoughts are
turning towards turkeys but nearly a century ago we were thinking about
another bird—the Passenger Pigeon. 2014 is the centenary of the
extinction of the Passenger Pigeon, a species that once numbered in the
billions; flocks would darken the sky as they passed; 1 in 4 birds on the
continent were Passenger Pigeons. 50 years of human persecution directly
resulted in their extinction. This astonishing loss stimulated the
passage of several important wildlife protection laws including the migratory
bird treaty act and the Lacy act.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Project Passenger Pigeon is a
movement to commemorate this anniversary and use it not only as an opportunity
to familiarize people with this remarkable species, but also to raise
awareness of current issues related to human-caused extinction, explore
connections between humans and the natural world, and inspire people to become
more involved in building a sustainable relationship with other
species.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">We hope that you and your
institution will join over 170 institutions throughout the world to
commemorate this anniversary and use it to promote the conservation issues
that are most relevant to your region. Resources of all kinds—a book,
exhibit panels, classroom lessons, a speaker’s bureau, and more are available
at <A href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://passengerpigeon.org/</A> . Attached
is a letter that outlines these in more detail or just visit the
website.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Yours, </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Steve</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><FONT
size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Steven M. Sullivan
| Senior Curator of Urban Ecology</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><FONT
size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">The Chicago Academy of
Sciences and its Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><FONT
size=1 face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 3pt"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><FONT
size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Museum|2430 North Cannon
Drive|Chicago Illinois 60614|<A href="http://www.naturemuseum.org/"
moz-do-not-send="true">naturemuseum.org</A></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><FONT
size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Collections|4001 North
Ravenswood Ave.|Chicago Illinois 60613|<A href="http://projectsquirrel.org/"
moz-do-not-send="true">projectsquirrel.org</A></SPAN></FONT><FONT size=1><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 3pt"></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><FONT
size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">P 708-937-6253 | F
773-755-5199 | <A href="ssullivan@naturemuseum.org"
moz-do-not-send="true">ssullivan@naturemuseum.org</A></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><FONT
size=1 face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 3pt"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><I><FONT
size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-STYLE: italic">A
century of memories and lessons from the Passenger Pigeon at <A
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"
moz-do-not-send="true">passengerpigeon.org</A></SPAN></FONT></I></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><I><FONT
size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-STYLE: italic"></SPAN></FONT></I> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=2 face=Calibri><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></SPAN></FONT> </P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV><BR>
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