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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Yes, I have been told several times
now. Sorry about that! I should have checked more closely as I had
wondered how they could stand atop a pile of soft carcasses.<br>
<br>
Will keep looking for the photo of the barrels full of birds.<br>
<br>
Ellen<br>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Ellen Paul
Executive Director
The Ornithological Council
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:ellen.paul@verizon.net">ellen.paul@verizon.net</a>
"Providing Scientific Information about Birds<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET">"
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"</a>
</pre>
On 12/2/13, 10:26 AM, Harris, Arthur wrote:<br>
</div>
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p.MsoHeading8, li.MsoHeading8, div.MsoHeading8
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 8 Char";
margin-top:10.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:8;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#4F81BD;}
p.MsoHeading9, li.MsoHeading9, div.MsoHeading9
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 9 Char";
margin-top:10.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
mso-outline-level:9;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040;
font-style:italic;}
p.MsoCaption, li.MsoCaption, div.MsoCaption
{mso-style-priority:35;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;}
p.MsoTitle, li.MsoTitle, div.MsoTitle
{mso-style-priority:10;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Title Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:26.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#17365D;
letter-spacing:.25pt;}
p.MsoSubtitle, li.MsoSubtitle, div.MsoSubtitle
{mso-style-priority:11;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Subtitle Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#4F81BD;
letter-spacing:.75pt;
font-style:italic;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
p
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;}
pre
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"Balloon Text Char";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;}
p.MsoNoSpacing, li.MsoNoSpacing, div.MsoNoSpacing
{mso-style-priority:1;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:.5in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;}
p.MsoQuote, li.MsoQuote, div.MsoQuote
{mso-style-priority:29;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Quote Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;
font-style:italic;}
p.MsoIntenseQuote, li.MsoIntenseQuote, div.MsoIntenseQuote
{mso-style-priority:30;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Intense Quote Char";
margin-top:10.0pt;
margin-right:.65in;
margin-bottom:14.0pt;
margin-left:.65in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;}
span.MsoSubtleEmphasis
{mso-style-priority:19;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
color:gray;
font-style:italic;}
span.MsoIntenseEmphasis
{mso-style-priority:21;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;}
span.MsoSubtleReference
{mso-style-priority:31;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
font-variant:small-caps;
color:#C0504D;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
span.MsoIntenseReference
{mso-style-priority:32;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
font-variant:small-caps;
color:#C0504D;
letter-spacing:.25pt;
font-weight:bold;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
span.MsoBookTitle
{mso-style-priority:33;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
font-variant:small-caps;
letter-spacing:.25pt;
font-weight:bold;}
p.MsoTocHeading, li.MsoTocHeading, div.MsoTocHeading
{mso-style-priority:39;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
margin-top:24.0pt;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
page-break-after:avoid;
font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#365F91;
font-weight:bold;}
span.HTMLPreformattedChar
{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
font-family:"Consolas","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Consolas;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family:Consolas;
color:black;}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.Heading1Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 1 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1";
mso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#365F91;
font-weight:bold;}
span.Heading2Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 2 Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 2";
mso-ansi-font-size:13.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;}
span.Heading3Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 3 Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 3";
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;}
span.Heading4Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 4 Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 4";
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;}
span.Heading5Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 5 Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 5";
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#243F60;}
span.Heading6Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 6 Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 6";
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#243F60;
font-style:italic;}
span.Heading7Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 7 Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 7";
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040;
font-style:italic;}
span.Heading8Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 8 Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 8";
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040;}
span.Heading9Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 9 Char";
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Heading 9";
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#404040;
font-style:italic;}
span.TitleChar
{mso-style-name:"Title Char";
mso-style-priority:10;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Title;
mso-ansi-font-size:26.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:26.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#17365D;
letter-spacing:.25pt;
mso-font-kerning:14.0pt;}
p.msotitlecxspfirst, li.msotitlecxspfirst, div.msotitlecxspfirst
{mso-style-name:msotitlecxspfirst;
mso-style-unhide:no;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:26.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#17365D;
letter-spacing:.25pt;}
p.msotitlecxspmiddle, li.msotitlecxspmiddle, div.msotitlecxspmiddle
{mso-style-name:msotitlecxspmiddle;
mso-style-unhide:no;
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:26.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#17365D;
letter-spacing:.25pt;}
p.msotitlecxsplast, li.msotitlecxsplast, div.msotitlecxsplast
{mso-style-name:msotitlecxsplast;
mso-style-unhide:no;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:15.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:26.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#17365D;
letter-spacing:.25pt;}
span.SubtitleChar
{mso-style-name:"Subtitle Char";
mso-style-priority:11;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Subtitle;
mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:#4F81BD;
letter-spacing:.75pt;
font-style:italic;}
p.msolistparagraphcxspfirst, li.msolistparagraphcxspfirst, div.msolistparagraphcxspfirst
{mso-style-name:msolistparagraphcxspfirst;
mso-style-unhide:no;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;}
p.msolistparagraphcxspmiddle, li.msolistparagraphcxspmiddle, div.msolistparagraphcxspmiddle
{mso-style-name:msolistparagraphcxspmiddle;
mso-style-unhide:no;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;}
p.msolistparagraphcxsplast, li.msolistparagraphcxsplast, div.msolistparagraphcxsplast
{mso-style-name:msolistparagraphcxsplast;
mso-style-unhide:no;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:.5in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
color:black;}
span.QuoteChar
{mso-style-name:"Quote Char";
mso-style-priority:29;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Quote;
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;
font-style:italic;}
span.IntenseQuoteChar
{mso-style-name:"Intense Quote Char";
mso-style-priority:30;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Intense Quote";
mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;}
p.msopapdefault, li.msopapdefault, div.msopapdefault
{mso-style-name:msopapdefault;
mso-style-unhide:no;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:10.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;}
span.heading1char0
{mso-style-name:heading1char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#365F91;
font-weight:bold;}
span.heading2char0
{mso-style-name:heading2char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;}
span.heading3char0
{mso-style-name:heading3char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;}
span.heading4char0
{mso-style-name:heading4char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;}
span.heading5char0
{mso-style-name:heading5char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#243F60;}
span.heading6char0
{mso-style-name:heading6char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#243F60;
font-style:italic;}
span.heading7char0
{mso-style-name:heading7char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#404040;
font-style:italic;}
span.heading8char0
{mso-style-name:heading8char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#4F81BD;}
span.heading9char0
{mso-style-name:heading9char;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#404040;
font-style:italic;}
span.titlechar0
{mso-style-name:titlechar;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#17365D;
letter-spacing:.25pt;}
span.subtitlechar0
{mso-style-name:subtitlechar;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#4F81BD;
letter-spacing:.75pt;
font-style:italic;}
span.quotechar0
{mso-style-name:quotechar;
mso-style-unhide:no;
color:black;
font-style:italic;}
span.intensequotechar0
{mso-style-name:intensequotechar;
mso-style-unhide:no;
color:#4F81BD;
font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;}
span.emailstyle45
{mso-style-name:emailstyle45;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:#1F497D">I think those are bison, not
pigeons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:#1F497D">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:#1F497D">Art Harris<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF
1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:windowtext">
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>] <b>
On Behalf Of </b>Ellen Paul<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, December 02, 2013 6:54 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:mprondzinski@fairbanksmuseum.org">mprondzinski@fairbanksmuseum.org</a>;
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [<span class="SpellE">Nhcoll</span>-l]
2014 marks centenary of extinction of the
<span class="SpellE">PassengerPigeon</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman"">There are. Google image.<br>
<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.audublog.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/passenger_pigeon_slaughter.png">http://www.audublog.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/passenger_pigeon_slaughter.png</a><br>
<br>
<img id="_x0000_i1025"
src="cid:part2.06030604.07060306@verizon.net" border="0"
height="360" width="456"><br>
<br>
I've seen others, including one of barrels of pigeons
being loaded onto a train. Will try to find.
<br>
<br>
Ellen<br>
<br>
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre>Ellen Paul<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Executive Director<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>The Ornithological Council<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:ellen.paul@verizon.net">ellen.paul@verizon.net</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>"Providing Scientific Information about Birds<a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET">"<o:p></o:p></a></pre>
<pre><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET">http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"</a></span><o:p></o:p></pre>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman"">On 12/2/13, 8:41 AM, Mary Beth
<span class="SpellE">Prondzinski</span> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:blue">And why are there no photos of
this pillage?! None...</span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Mary Beth
<span class="SpellE">Prondzinski</span></span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Director of Collections</span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">Fairbanks Museum & Planetarium</span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">1302 Main Street</span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">St.
<span class="SpellE">Johnsbury</span>, VT 05819</span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">(802) 748-2372 x110</span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:mprondzinski@fairbanksmuseum.org">mprondzinski@fairbanksmuseum.org</a></span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://fairbanksmuseum.org/">http://fairbanksmuseum.org/</a></span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://vermonttv.net/">http://vermonttv.net/</a></span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"
align="center"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman"">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="100%">
</span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>
[<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Ellen Paul<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, November 26, 2013 6:29 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [<span class="SpellE">Nhcoll</span>-l]
2014 marks centenary of extinction of the
<span class="SpellE">PassengerPigeon</span></span><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman"">The timing of the events has to be taken
into consideration. Audubon wrote that in 1813. A
population that vast could take a fair amount of hunting
pressure. However, the huge slaughters by market hunters
continued into the 1850s and 1860s, facilitated by rail
access to the markets.
<br>
<br>
>From David <span class="SpellE">Blockstein's</span>
species account in the Birds of North America:<br>
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
class="apple-converted-space"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> </span></span><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">“As
settlement advanced, as railroads were built, spanning
the continent, as telegraph lines followed them, as
markets developed for the birds, an army of people,
hunters, settlers, netters and Indians, found in the
pigeons a considerable part of their means of
subsistence, and the birds were constantly pursued and
killed whenever they <span class="SpellE">
appeared,<em><span
style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">at</span></em></span><em><span
style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> all
seasons of the year</span></em><span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span>” (<span
class="SpellE"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048"><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Forbush</span></a></span></span><span
class="MsoHyperlink"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">
1927</span></span></p>
<span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">:
67).<o:p></o:p></span>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white;-webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px;word-spacing:0px" id="13.1.1.2.5">
<span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">In 1842,
3,000 live pigeons were transported by rail from
Michigan to Boston. In 1851, an estimated 1,800,000
pigeons were sent to New York City from a nesting in
n. New York (<span class="SpellE"><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib114\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Schorger</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in"> 1955</span></span></span>:
145). By the time the Civil War ended, most of the
U.S. east of the Mississippi was covered by
railroad. Only a handful of nesting colonies was too
far from rail or ship for market exploitation. Even
a nesting in 1881 in Oklahoma, 176 km from the
railroad, was pillaged by commercial trappers (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib003\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">Anon. 1881</span></span>,<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib076\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">Judy 1881</span></span>).<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white;-webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px;word-spacing:0px" id="13.1.1.2.6">
<span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib076"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Often
hundreds of thousands of adults and squabs were
shipped from a single nesting. Large numbers of
birds were destroyed by locals or otherwise killed
but not transported. A million birds could be lost
at a single nesting. Yet even these large numbers of
birds killed were probably not sufficient to cause
the precipitous decline in the population.
Overhunting did not exterminate the Passenger Pigeon
as is commonly believed. Rather, the disturbance of
the nesting colonies led the birds to abandon the
<span class="SpellE">nestings</span> prematurely (<span
class="SpellE"><span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib020\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Blockstein</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in"> and Tordoff</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in"> 1985</span></span></span>).
This, coupled with slaughter of nestlings as well as
adults, largely eliminated replacement of the
population.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">The
simultaneous destruction of the forests of the East
obviously played a big role.
<br>
<br>
Again, from <span class="SpellE">Blockstein</span>:<br>
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--></span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman","serif";color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Deforestation
was also a major factor in the decline because it
reduced the area available to the pigeons and thus
reduced the opportunities for nesting and roosting
colonies. Being nomadic, Passenger Pigeons needed
enormous areas to find some conditions suitable for
nesting (<span class="SpellE"><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib007\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Askins</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in"> 2000</span></span></span>).
Because nesting colonies formed only where there was
sufficient mast, the reduction in the forest meant
that in some years there was no nesting at all.
<span class="SpellE">Forbush</span> (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib048\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">1927</span></span>: 66) agreed
that the decrease “was due in part to the
destruction of the forests, particularly the beech
woods. . . .” Another nineteenth-century technology,
the portable saw mill introduced in 1870s, sped the
destruction of what had once been a completely
forested landscape. By 1880, about 80% of the
original forest of New England had been cleared (<span
class="SpellE"><span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib075\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Irland</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in"> 1982</span></span></span>).
Deforestation in the major nesting area of
north-central Pennsylvania began in 1872, but did
not reach full speed until 1892 (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib050\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">French 1919</span></span>:
110). Michigan was still well wooded in 1883 (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib104\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">Rand McNally and Co. 1883</span></span>),
although it was being logged rapidly, particularly
for its pines, which would have had less impact on
the Passenger Pigeon than logging of deciduous
trees.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white;-webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px;word-spacing:0px" id="13.1.1.2.8">
<span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib104"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Deforestation,
which occurred from east to west, reduced the
available habitat. In the early eighteenth century,
Wilson (<span style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib133\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">1812</span></span>: 109) noted
that although the species was sometimes very
numerous in the Atlantic states, it never appeared
in “such unparalleled multitudes” of “congregated
millions” as in the “western forests” of Ohio,
Kentucky, and Indiana. The last recorded mass
nesting in Massachusetts was in 1850s (<span
class="SpellE"><span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib048\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Forbush</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in"> 1927</span></span></span>),
in New York in the 1870s. From 1870 on, almost all
of the nesting colonies recorded were in the
forested Alleghenies of n. Pennsylvania and the
Great Lake states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and, to a
lesser extent, Minnesota (<span class="SpellE"><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib090\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Mershon</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in"> 1907</span></span></span>).
These were the areas where intact original forest
remained (<span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib132\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">Williams 1989</span></span>).
In 1892, <span class="SpellE">Bendire</span> (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib013\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">1892</span></span>: 132–133)
wrote, “breeding range . . . principally in thinly
settled and wooded region along our northern border
. . . as well as . . . Canada, and north at least to
Hudson Bay. Isolated and scattering pairs probably
still breed in New England States, northern New
York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,
and a few other localities further south, but the
enormous breeding colonies . . . are . . . things of
the past, probably never to be seen again. In fact,
the extermination . . . has progressed so rapidly
during the last twenty years that it now looks as if
their total extermination might be accomplished in
the present century.”<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white;-webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px;word-spacing:0px" id="13.1.1.2.9">
<span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib013"><span
class="SpellE"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Schorger</span></span><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"> (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib114\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">1955</span></span>) and <span
class="SpellE">Blockstein</span> and <span
class="SpellE">Tordoff</span> (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib020\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in">1985</span></span>) argued that
the extent of mast-bearing forest in the 1870s and
1880s was sufficient to support the population.
However it apparently was not enough to allow
nesting colonies every year. After another 3
decades, there was essentially no sufficient forest
left. But the pigeons were gone before the last
deciduous forests. “The destruction of the forest
was not yet complete; for, although great tracts of
land were cleared, there remained and still remain
vast regions more or less covered by coppice growth
sufficient to furnish hosts of pigeons with food,
and the cultivation of land and the raising of grain
provided new sources of food supply. Therefore,
while the reduction of the forest area in the east
was a factor in the diminution of the pigeons, we
cannot attribute their extermination to the
destruction of the forest” (<span class="SpellE"><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib048\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Forbush</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none windowtext
1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none windowtext
0in;padding:0in"> 1927</span></span></span>:
66).<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></a></span></p>
<div id="13.1.1">
<div id="13.1.1.3">
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Once the
population reached a level of thousands, rather
than billions, the species was unable to
recover. Several factors may have been involved.
Persecution continued, nearly to the end. In
spring 1883, all of the young were reportedly
taken. One man was said to have taken 60,000 and
several others 10,000 young each (E. S. Bond in<span
class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib004\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Anon. 1883</span></span>).
Over 5,000 birds were reportedly killed at a
roost in Missouri the following winter (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib005\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Anon. 1884</span></span>).
Over 1,000 carcasses were shipped to Boston in
1891 (Editor 1891
<span class="SpellE">in<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib114\0022
""><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Schorger</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in"> 1955</span></span></span>:
218). Market-hunting continued until at least
1893, and shooting was reported to the end.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"
id="13.1.1.3.3">
<span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114"><span
class="SpellE"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Blockstein</span></span><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"> and <span
class="SpellE">Tordoff</span> (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib020\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">1985</span></span>)
hypothesized that the species slowly faded away
throughout its last decade. By 1892, “the
majority [were] no longer breeding in colonies,
but scattering around the country and breeding
in isolated pairs” (<span class="SpellE"><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib013\0022
""><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Bendire</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in"> 1892</span></span></span>:
133). Since the species lacked the numbers for
predator satiation through mass nesting that had
been responsible for its success and had no
<span class="SpellE">antipredator</span>
adaptations for nesting, such as nest
concealment, and since it laid only a single
egg, nest success must have been insufficient to
maintain the population.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"
id="13.1.1.3.4">
<span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib013"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">In
contrast, Bucher (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib026\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">1992</span></span>:
25) argued that the decline in numbers
circumvented the social facilitation necessary
for the flocks to find enough mast for a
successful nesting. In his view, once a
population went below a minimum viable size,
“the remaining individuals were unable to find
food patches at [an] adequate rate.” He felt it
“likely that a whole flock may have ‘missed’
good spots when moving north and starved or at
least failed to produce enough offspring to
compensate for adult mortality.” However, a
smaller flock would need less food to sustain
itself, and it seems likely that a pair could
have found enough food (mast and crops) to eat
and probably even to breed.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:.2in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white"
id="13.1.1.3.5">
<span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib026"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Both
arguments are based on the inability of a small
population to maintain itself after numbers were
insufficient to achieve the evolved strategy
essential to the success of the species—predator
satiation (<span class="SpellE"><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib020\0022
""><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Blockstein</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in"> and Tordoff</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in"> 1985</span></span></span>)
or social facilitation of foraging (<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib026\0022
""><span style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Bucher 1992</span></span>).
The unknowable true cause may have had elements
of each. However, it is known that the pigeons
continued to nest in colonies, even as late as
1885–1887 (<span class="SpellE"><span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/bna\.birds\.cornell\.edu\.bnaproxy\.birds\.cornell\.edu\/bna\/species\/611\/articles\/species\/611\/biblio\/bib114\0022
""><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in">Schorger</span><span
style="color:#03689A;border:none
windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:none
windowtext 0in;padding:0in"> 1955</span></span></span>:
216). After that, there was at least some
success in nesting in very small groups or even
lone pairs (as always had been the case with a
minuscule proportion of the population). The
last birds collected in 1899 in Wisconsin and in
1900 in Ohio were both <span class="SpellE">immatures</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--></span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Ellen Paul<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Executive Director<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">The Ornithological Council<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Email: <span style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022mailto\:ellen\.paul\@verizon\.net\0022 ""><u><span style="color:blue">ellen.paul@verizon.net</span></u></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:ellen.paul@verizon.net"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">"Providing Scientific Information about Birds<span style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.nmnh\.si\.edu\/BIRDNET\0022 ""><u><span style="color:blue">"<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></span><pre><span style="color:blue">http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"</span><span style="text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p></o:p></span></pre><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">On 11/26/13, 6:11 PM, Rowe, Timothy B wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p></a></pre>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div name="divtagdefaultwrapper" id="divtagdefaultwrapper">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span
style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">I'm
quite glad to see that you have brought this
portentous anniversary brought into the
spotlight. <br>
<br>
But what exactly do you mean by "human
persecution"?<br>
<br>
Audubon himself reported that the Passenger
pigeon was breeding at a pace that mitigated
human hunting pressures. However, he warned
that cutting the old growth forests was
something that could pressure them into
extinction. There is ample literature to show
that, state-by-state, as the portable saw mills
took down the old forests, loss of adequate food
and breeding environment was the proximate and
immediate cause of extinction, not
over-hunting.
<br>
<br>
But take comfort in the fact that even great
luminaries like Jared Diamond and E. O. Wilson
fell into the same trap - implying that human
overkill was the source.
<br>
<br>
Here is why it is important to get this
diagnosis correct: a hunting ban would not have
saved the Passenger pigeon, but a logging ban
just might have.
<br>
<br>
The causes of extinction are subtle - all the
more reason to use this anniversary to promote
research on this most critical topic.<br>
<br>
Tim<br>
<br>
Timothy Rowe<br>
Director, Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory<br>
The University of Texas at Austin<o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<p><span
style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></a></span></p>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal"
align="center">
<span
style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:#282828"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"><span
style="color:#282828;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">
<hr align="center" size="2" width="98%">
</span></a></span></div>
<div id="divRplyFwdMsg">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:1"><b><span
style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">From:</span><span
style="color:black;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">
<span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022mailto\:nhcoll-l-bounces\@mailman\.yale\.edu\0022
"">
<u><span style="color:blue">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</span></u></span>
<span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022mailto\:nhcoll-l-bounces\@mailman\.yale\.edu\0022
"">
<u><span style="color:blue"><nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu></span></u></span>
on behalf of Steve Sullivan
<span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022mailto\:ssullivan\@naturemuseum\.org\0022
"">
<u><span style="color:blue"><ssullivan@naturemuseum.org></span></u></span><br>
</span><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Sent:</span><span
style="color:black;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">
Monday, November 25, 2013 11:44 AM<br>
</span><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">To:</span><span
style="color:black;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">
<span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022mailto\:nhcoll-l\@mailman\.yale\.edu\0022
"">
<u><span style="color:blue">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</span></u></span><br>
</span><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Subject:</span><span
style="color:black;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">
[<span class="SpellE">Nhcoll</span>-l]
2014 marks centenary of extinction of the
Passenger Pigeon</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#282828;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></b></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span
style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:#282828"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu"><span
style="color:#282828;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"> <o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">This month
many of our thoughts are turning towards
turkeys but nearly a century ago we were
thinking about another bird—the Passenger
Pigeon. 2014 is the centenary of the
extinction of the Passenger Pigeon, a
species that once numbered in the billions;
flocks would darken the sky as they passed;
1 in 4 birds on the continent were Passenger
Pigeons. 50 years of human persecution
directly resulted in their extinction. This
astonishing loss stimulated the passage of
several important wildlife protection laws
including the migratory bird treaty act and
the Lacy act.<o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Project
Passenger Pigeon is a movement to
commemorate this anniversary and use it not
only as an opportunity to familiarize people
with this remarkable species, but also to
raise awareness of current issues related to
human-caused extinction, explore connections
between humans and the natural world, and
inspire people to become more involved in
building a sustainable relationship with
other species.<o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">We hope
that you and your institution will join over
170 institutions throughout the world to
commemorate this anniversary and use it to
promote the conservation issues that are
most relevant to your region. Resources of
all kinds—a book, exhibit panels, classroom
lessons, a speaker’s bureau, and more are
available at
<span style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/passengerpigeon\.org\/\0022
"">
<u><span style="color:blue">http://passengerpigeon.org/</span></u></span>
. Attached is a letter that outlines these
in more detail or just visit the website.<o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Yours,
<o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Steve<o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Steven
M. Sullivan | Senior Curator of Urban
Ecology<o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">The
Chicago Academy of Sciences and its Peggy
<span class="SpellE">Notebaert</span> Nature
Museum<o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"> <o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Museum|2430
North Cannon
<span class="SpellE">Drive|Chicago</span>
Illinois 60614|<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/www\.naturemuseum\.org\/\0022
""><u><span style="color:blue">naturemuseum.org</span></u></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.naturemuseum.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Collections|4001
North Ravenswood
<span class="SpellE">Ave.|Chicago</span>
Illinois 60613|<span
style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/projectsquirrel\.org\/\0022
""><u><span style="color:blue">projectsquirrel.org</span></u></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://projectsquirrel.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">P
708-937-6253 | F 773-755-5199 |
<span style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK
\0022ssullivan\@naturemuseum\.org\0022
"">
<u><span style="color:blue">ssullivan@naturemuseum.org</span></u></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="ssullivan@naturemuseum.org"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"> <o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<i><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="ssullivan@naturemuseum.org"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">A
century of memories and lessons from the
Passenger Pigeon at
<span style="mso-field-code:"
HYPERLINK
\0022http\:\/\/passengerpigeon\.org\/\0022
"">
<u><span style="color:blue">passengerpigeon.org</span></u></span></span><span
style="color:black;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p></o:p></span></a></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"> <o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"> <o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"> <o:p></o:p></span></a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times
New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><br>
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br
style="mso-special-character:line-break">
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></p>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span class="SpellE"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">Nhcoll</span></span><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none">-l mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><span style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022mailto\:Nhcoll-l\@mailman\.yale\.edu\0022 ""><u><span style="color:blue">Nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</span></u></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:Nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu"><span style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><span style="mso-field-code:" HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/mailman\.yale\.edu\/mailman\/listinfo\/nhcoll-l\0022 ""><u><span style="color:blue">http://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/nhcoll-l</span></u></span><o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/nhcoll-l"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></a></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/nhcoll-l"><span
style="color:black;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></a></span></p>
</blockquote>
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