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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">There are. Google image.<br>
<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.audublog.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/passenger_pigeon_slaughter.png">http://www.audublog.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/passenger_pigeon_slaughter.png</a><br>
<br>
<img src="cid:part1.05080605.09060507@verizon.net" alt=""><br>
<br>
I've seen others, including one of barrels of pigeons being loaded
onto a train. Will try to find. <br>
<br>
Ellen<br>
<br>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Ellen Paul
Executive Director
The Ornithological Council
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:ellen.paul@verizon.net">ellen.paul@verizon.net</a>
"Providing Scientific Information about Birds<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET">"
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"</a>
</pre>
On 12/2/13, 8:41 AM, Mary Beth Prondzinski wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:B3490204101A439AA82693CC64FE2041@MaryBethPC"
type="cite">
<meta content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"
http-equiv="Content-Type">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="MSHTML 10.00.9200.16736">
<div dir="ltr" align="left"><span class="161464013-02122013"><font
color="#0000ff" face="Arial" size="2">And why are there no
photos of this pillage?! None...</font></span></div>
<div> </div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2">Mary Beth
Prondzinski</font></div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2">Director of
Collections</font></div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2">Fairbanks Museum
& Planetarium</font></div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2">1302 Main Street</font></div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2">St. Johnsbury, VT
05819</font></div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2">(802) 748-2372 x110</font></div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:mprondzinski@fairbanksmuseum.org">mprondzinski@fairbanksmuseum.org</a></font></div>
<div align="left"> </div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2"><a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://fairbanksmuseum.org/">http://fairbanksmuseum.org/</a></font></div>
<div align="left"><font face="Arial" size="2"><a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://vermonttv.net/">http://vermonttv.net/</a></font></div>
<div align="left"> </div>
<div> </div>
<br>
<div class="OutlookMessageHeader" dir="ltr" align="left"
lang="en-us">
<hr tabindex="-1">
<font face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b>
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Ellen
Paul<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, November 26, 2013 6:29 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Nhcoll-l] 2014 marks centenary of extinction
of the PassengerPigeon<br>
</font><br>
</div>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">The timing of the events has to be
taken into consideration. Audubon wrote that in 1813. A
population that vast could take a fair amount of hunting
pressure. However, the huge slaughters by market hunters
continued into the 1850s and 1860s, facilitated by rail access
to the markets. <br>
<br>
From David Blockstein's species account in the Birds of North
America:<br>
<br>
<p id="13.1.1.2.4" style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM:
none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM:
0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px
Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px;
MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px"><span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>“As settlement
advanced, as railroads were built, spanning the continent, as
telegraph lines followed them, as markets developed for the
birds, an army of people, hunters, settlers, netters and
Indians, found in the pigeons a considerable part of their
means of subsistence, and the birds were constantly pursued
and killed whenever they appeared,<em class="sciname">at all
seasons of the year</em><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>”
(<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048">Forbush
1927</a>: 67).</p>
<p id="13.1.1.2.5" style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM:
none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM:
0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px
Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px;
MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">In 1842, 3,000 live pigeons
were transported by rail from Michigan to Boston. In 1851, an
estimated 1,800,000 pigeons were sent to New York City from a
nesting in n. New York (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="biblio" style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none;
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px
solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114">Schorger
1955</a>: 145). By the time the Civil War ended, most of the
U.S. east of the Mississippi was covered by railroad. Only a
handful of nesting colonies was too far from rail or ship for
market exploitation. Even a nesting in 1881 in Oklahoma, 176
km from the railroad, was pillaged by commercial trappers (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib003">Anon.
1881</a>,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib076">Judy
1881</a>).</p>
<p id="13.1.1.2.6" style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM:
none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM:
0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px
Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px;
MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Often hundreds of thousands of
adults and squabs were shipped from a single nesting. Large
numbers of birds were destroyed by locals or otherwise killed
but not transported. A million birds could be lost at a single
nesting. Yet even these large numbers of birds killed were
probably not sufficient to cause the precipitous decline in
the population. Overhunting did not exterminate the Passenger
Pigeon as is commonly believed. Rather, the disturbance of the
nesting colonies led the birds to abandon the nestings
prematurely (<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020">Blockstein
and Tordoff 1985</a>). This, coupled with slaughter of
nestlings as well as adults, largely eliminated replacement of
the population.</p>
The simultaneous destruction of the forests of the East
obviously played a big role. <br>
<br>
Again, from Blockstein:<br>
<br>
<p id="13.1.1.2.7" style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM:
none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM:
0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px
Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px;
MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Deforestation was also a major
factor in the decline because it reduced the area available to
the pigeons and thus reduced the opportunities for nesting and
roosting colonies. Being nomadic, Passenger Pigeons needed
enormous areas to find some conditions suitable for nesting (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib007">Askins
2000</a>). Because nesting colonies formed only where there
was sufficient mast, the reduction in the forest meant that in
some years there was no nesting at all. Forbush (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048">1927</a>:
66) agreed that the decrease “was due in part to the
destruction of the forests, particularly the beech woods. . .
.” Another nineteenth-century technology, the portable saw
mill introduced in 1870s, sped the destruction of what had
once been a completely forested landscape. By 1880, about 80%
of the original forest of New England had been cleared (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib075">Irland
1982</a>). Deforestation in the major nesting area of
north-central Pennsylvania began in 1872, but did not reach
full speed until 1892 (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="biblio" style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none;
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px
solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib050">French
1919</a>: 110). Michigan was still well wooded in 1883 (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib104">Rand
McNally and Co. 1883</a>), although it was being logged
rapidly, particularly for its pines, which would have had less
impact on the Passenger Pigeon than logging of deciduous
trees.</p>
<p id="13.1.1.2.8" style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM:
none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM:
0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px
Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px;
MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Deforestation, which occurred
from east to west, reduced the available habitat. In the early
eighteenth century, Wilson (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="biblio" style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none;
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px
solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib133">1812</a>:
109) noted that although the species was sometimes very
numerous in the Atlantic states, it never appeared in “such
unparalleled multitudes” of “congregated millions” as in the
“western forests” of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. The last
recorded mass nesting in Massachusetts was in 1850s (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048">Forbush
1927</a>), in New York in the 1870s. From 1870 on, almost
all of the nesting colonies recorded were in the forested
Alleghenies of n. Pennsylvania and the Great Lake states of
Michigan, Wisconsin, and, to a lesser extent, Minnesota (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib090">Mershon
1907</a>). These were the areas where intact original forest
remained (<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib132">Williams
1989</a>). In 1892, Bendire (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="biblio" style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none;
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px
solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib013">1892</a>:
132–133) wrote, “breeding range . . . principally in thinly
settled and wooded region along our northern border . . . as
well as . . . Canada, and north at least to Hudson Bay.
Isolated and scattering pairs probably still breed in New
England States, northern New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, and a few other localities further
south, but the enormous breeding colonies . . . are . . .
things of the past, probably never to be seen again. In fact,
the extermination . . . has progressed so rapidly during the
last twenty years that it now looks as if their total
extermination might be accomplished in the present century.”</p>
<p id="13.1.1.2.9" style="WHITE-SPACE: normal; TEXT-TRANSFORM:
none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); PADDING-BOTTOM:
0px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-TOP: 0px; FONT: 14px/18px
Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; PADDING-LEFT: 0px;
MARGIN: 0px 0px 1.2em; LETTER-SPACING: normal; PADDING-RIGHT:
0px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">Schorger (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114">1955</a>)
and Blockstein and Tordoff (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="biblio" style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none;
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px
solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020">1985</a>)
argued that the extent of mast-bearing forest in the 1870s and
1880s was sufficient to support the population. However it
apparently was not enough to allow nesting colonies every
year. After another 3 decades, there was essentially no
sufficient forest left. But the pigeons were gone before the
last deciduous forests. “The destruction of the forest was not
yet complete; for, although great tracts of land were cleared,
there remained and still remain vast regions more or less
covered by coppice growth sufficient to furnish hosts of
pigeons with food, and the cultivation of land and the raising
of grain provided new sources of food supply. Therefore, while
the reduction of the forest area in the east was a factor in
the diminution of the pigeons, we cannot attribute their
extermination to the destruction of the forest” (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none;
BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT:
normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib048">Forbush
1927</a>: 66).</p>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div id="13.1" class="section" style="WHITE-SPACE: normal;
TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);
TEXT-ALIGN: left; FONT: 14px/18px Arial, Helvetica, Verdana,
sans-serif; LETTER-SPACING: normal; BACKGROUND-COLOR:
rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px">
<div id="13.1.1" class="subsection">
<div id="13.1.1.3" class="subject">
<p id="13.1.1.3.2" style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px;
PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px
1.2em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">Once the population reached a
level of thousands, rather than billions, the species
was unable to recover. Several factors may have been
involved. Persecution continued, nearly to the end. In
spring 1883, all of the young were reportedly taken. One
man was said to have taken 60,000 and several others
10,000 young each (E. S. Bond in<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE:
none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid;
FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib004">Anon.
1883</a>). Over 5,000 birds were reportedly killed at
a roost in Missouri the following winter (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE:
none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid;
FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib005">Anon.
1884</a>). Over 1,000 carcasses were shipped to Boston
in 1891 (Editor 1891 in<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="biblio" style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none;
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM:
rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal;
COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114">Schorger
1955</a>: 218). Market-hunting continued until at
least 1893, and shooting was reported to the end.</p>
<p id="13.1.1.3.3" style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px;
PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px
1.2em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">Blockstein and Tordoff (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE:
none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid;
FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020">1985</a>)
hypothesized that the species slowly faded away
throughout its last decade. By 1892, “the majority
[were] no longer breeding in colonies, but scattering
around the country and breeding in isolated pairs” (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE:
none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid;
FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib013">Bendire
1892</a>: 133). Since the species lacked the numbers
for predator satiation through mass nesting that had
been responsible for its success and had no antipredator
adaptations for nesting, such as nest concealment, and
since it laid only a single egg, nest success must have
been insufficient to maintain the population.</p>
<p id="13.1.1.3.4" style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px;
PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px
1.2em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">In contrast, Bucher (<a
moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE:
none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid;
FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
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href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib026">1992</a>:
25) argued that the decline in numbers circumvented the
social facilitation necessary for the flocks to find
enough mast for a successful nesting. In his view, once
a population went below a minimum viable size, “the
remaining individuals were unable to find food patches
at [an] adequate rate.” He felt it “likely that a whole
flock may have ‘missed’ good spots when moving north and
starved or at least failed to produce enough offspring
to compensate for adult mortality.” However, a smaller
flock would need less food to sustain itself, and it
seems likely that a pair could have found enough food
(mast and crops) to eat and probably even to breed.</p>
<p id="13.1.1.3.5" style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px;
PADDING-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN: 0px 0px
1.2em; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px">Both arguments are based on
the inability of a small population to maintain itself
after numbers were insufficient to achieve the evolved
strategy essential to the success of the
species—predator satiation (<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="biblio" style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none;
BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM:
rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: normal;
COLOR: rgb(3,104,154); BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none;
TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib020">Blockstein
and Tordoff 1985</a>) or social facilitation of
foraging (<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE:
none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid;
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href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib026">Bucher
1992</a>). The unknowable true cause may have had
elements of each. However, it is known that the pigeons
continued to nest in colonies, even as late as 1885–1887
(<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="biblio"
style="BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE:
none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(187,210,224) 1px solid;
FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: rgb(3,104,154);
BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none"
href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/611/articles/species/611/biblio/bib114">Schorger
1955</a>: 216). After that, there was at least some
success in nesting in very small groups or even lone
pairs (as always had been the case with a minuscule
proportion of the population). The last birds collected
in 1899 in Wisconsin and in 1900 in Ohio were both
immatures.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="13.2" class="section" style="WHITE-SPACE: normal;
TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; WORD-SPACING: 0px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);
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rgb(255,255,255); TEXT-INDENT: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
</div>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Ellen Paul
Executive Director
The Ornithological Council
Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:ellen.paul@verizon.net">ellen.paul@verizon.net</a>
"Providing Scientific Information about Birds<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET">"
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET"</a>
</pre>
On 11/26/13, 6:11 PM, Rowe, Timothy B wrote:<br>
</div>
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<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;
FONT-FAMILY: Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; COLOR:
#000000; MARGIN: 0px" name="divtagdefaultwrapper">I'm quite
glad to see that you have brought this portentous anniversary
brought into the spotlight. <br>
<br>
But what exactly do you mean by "human persecution"?<br>
<br>
Audubon himself reported that the Passenger pigeon was
breeding at a pace that mitigated human hunting pressures.
However, he warned that cutting the old growth forests was
something that could pressure them into extinction. There is
ample literature to show that, state-by-state, as the portable
saw mills took down the old forests, loss of adequate food and
breeding environment was the proximate and immediate cause of
extinction, not over-hunting. <br>
<br>
But take comfort in the fact that even great luminaries like
Jared Diamond and E. O. Wilson fell into the same trap -
implying that human overkill was the source. <br>
<br>
Here is why it is important to get this diagnosis correct: a
hunting ban would not have saved the Passenger pigeon, but a
logging ban just might have. <br>
<br>
The causes of extinction are subtle - all the more reason to
use this anniversary to promote research on this most critical
topic.<br>
<br>
Tim<br>
<br>
Timothy Rowe<br>
Director, Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory<br>
The University of Texas at Austin<br>
<p><br>
</p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="FONT-SIZE:
11pt" color="#000000" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><b>From:</b>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>
<a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu"><nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu></a>
on behalf of Steve Sullivan <a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
href="mailto:ssullivan@naturemuseum.org"><ssullivan@naturemuseum.org></a><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, November 25, 2013 11:44 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Nhcoll-l] 2014 marks centenary of
extinction of the Passenger Pigeon</font>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">This
month many of our thoughts are turning towards
turkeys but nearly a century ago we were thinking
about another bird—the Passenger Pigeon. 2014 is
the centenary of the extinction of the Passenger
Pigeon, a species that once numbered in the
billions; flocks would darken the sky as they
passed; 1 in 4 birds on the continent were
Passenger Pigeons. 50 years of human persecution
directly resulted in their extinction. This
astonishing loss stimulated the passage of several
important wildlife protection laws including the
migratory bird treaty act and the Lacy act.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Project
Passenger Pigeon is a movement to commemorate this
anniversary and use it not only as an opportunity
to familiarize people with this remarkable
species, but also to raise awareness of current
issues related to human-caused extinction, explore
connections between humans and the natural world,
and inspire people to become more involved in
building a sustainable relationship with other
species.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">We hope
that you and your institution will join over 170
institutions throughout the world to commemorate
this anniversary and use it to promote the
conservation issues that are most relevant to your
region. Resources of all kinds—a book, exhibit
panels, classroom lessons, a speaker’s bureau, and
more are available at <a
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"
moz-do-not-send="true">http://passengerpigeon.org/</a>
. Attached is a letter that outlines these in
more detail or just visit the website.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Yours,
</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%">Steve</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Steven M. Sullivan |
Senior Curator of Urban Ecology</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">The Chicago Academy of
Sciences and its Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum</span></font><font
size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><font face="Calibri" size="1"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 3pt"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Museum|2430 North Cannon
Drive|Chicago Illinois 60614|<a
href="http://www.naturemuseum.org/"
moz-do-not-send="true">naturemuseum.org</a></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Collections|4001 North
Ravenswood Ave.|Chicago Illinois 60613|<a
href="http://projectsquirrel.org/"
moz-do-not-send="true">projectsquirrel.org</a></span></font><font
size="1"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 3pt"></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">P 708-937-6253 | F
773-755-5199 | <a
href="ssullivan@naturemuseum.org"
moz-do-not-send="true">ssullivan@naturemuseum.org</a></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><font face="Calibri" size="1"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 3pt"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><i><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-STYLE: italic">A
century of memories and lessons from the
Passenger Pigeon at <a
href="http://passengerpigeon.org/"
moz-do-not-send="true">passengerpigeon.org</a></span></font></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt;
LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><i><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-STYLE: italic"></span></font></i> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Calibri" size="2"><span
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%"></span></font> </p>
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