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<div>How old is the glass? Flint glass was made with lead to give it transparency until very recently when they switched to other oxides. Very transparent glass usually becomes very weak as it ages. </div>
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<div>Cathy<br>
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Sent from my iPhone</div>
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On Oct 29, 2015, at 4:52 PM, "Robert Waller" <<a href="mailto:rw@protectheritage.com">rw@protectheritage.com</a>> wrote:<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Hi Paul,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Thanks for reminding me of those nice pictures.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">I wonder though how much the glass disease issue contributed to the breakage. Although a little difficult to make out in the pictures it looks like the surface alteration of the glass is still very thin in relation
to the bulk of the glass wall. If that is the case then it might not be the most significant cause of fracture – perhaps thermal stress from a manufacturing flaw or just past dropping contributed. Have you ever seen comparable fractures in vials not exhibiting
glass disease? I suppose a 2x2 factor table relating count of fractured and not fractured vials with and without glass disease would let us know. Sounds like a counting job for an intern!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Rob<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> <a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">
nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a> [<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Callomon,Paul<br>
<b>Sent:</b> October 29, 2015 4:01 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> NH-COLL listserv (<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a>) <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Nhcoll-l] FW: More on jars<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Hi Rob,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">I’ve occasionally seen glass vials weakened to the point of fracture by glass disease. We illustrated one in Collections Forum 26 (1-2): 35, fig. 3.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">PC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Paul Callomon</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"><br>
<i>Collection Manager, Malacology, Invertebrate Paleontology and General Invertebrates</i></span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia PA 19103-1195, USA<br>
<i><a href="mailto:callomon@ansp.org" target="_blank">callomon@ansp.org</a> Tel 215-405-5096 - Fax 215-299-1170</i></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> Robert Waller [<a href="mailto:rw@protectheritage.com">mailto:rw@protectheritage.com</a>]
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<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, October 29, 2015 3:46 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Callomon,Paul; NHCOLL-L<br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: [Nhcoll-l] More on jars<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Hi Paul,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">There is not really a “</span>difference in pressure between the internal structure of the glass and the external environment<span style="color:#1F497D">”. In both cases, ambient RH or fluid preservative, alkali
cations (Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>+</sup>) are leached out of the glass and replaced with H<sup>+</sup> from the water. There will be a gradual migration of alkali cations toward the surface and a gradual counter migration of H<sup>+</sup> inward (charge balance
must always be maintained). There is no “pressure differential” between outside and inside of the glass – at least not due to alkali migration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Is it important at all?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">We are exchanging Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>+</sup>, from the glass in exchange for some H<sup>+</sup> from the solution. But that is, after all, what a buffer would do and we might choose to add a buffer purposely.
I doubt there would be a situation where a soda lime glass would raise the pH of a preservative solution above neutral though I am open to being corrected on that if I am wrong and someone knows better. Myself, I don’t think that this source of preservative
solution composition alteration poses any significant risk to collection preservation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">The glass jar is eroded and weakened and this could be a concern. Still so long as the inside of the jar remains “wet” there will be a layer of hydrated glass (like on a pH sensing electrode) that will reduce
the rate of reaction (like a tarnish layer can protect a metal). I would be surprised if there were a case of glass jar failure due to this cause, though again I am open to being corrected by anyone with experience of such a failure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Rob<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> <a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">
nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a> [<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Callomon,Paul<br>
<b>Sent:</b> October 29, 2015 1:11 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> NH-COLL listserv (<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a>) <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Nhcoll-l] More on jars<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Folks,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So here’s a jar question that perhaps someone has answered:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In “glass disease” the non-silicate components of, say, soda glass gradually leach out of the silicate matrix and onto the surface as hydrated compounds. This happens more where humidity is high, as water is involved in the latter stages
of the reaction. In vials found in dry collections, the resulting compounds can be seen as droplets of moisture on the surface of the glass. They will be on both the inside and outside if the vial is only stoppered with cotton, allowing its internal humidity
to be close to ambient. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Where the jar or vial is full of fluid, however, the values representing the difference in pressure between the internal structure of the glass and the external environment will differ between the interior and exterior. So the question
is: will the rate of migration of the non-silicate compounds differ accordingly – that is, will they tend head for the outside of the jar, where the pressure differential is higher? The answer, if there is one, may have a bearing on the extent to which glass
deterioration will contaminate the fluid in the jar. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Paul Callomon</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"><br>
<i>Collection Manager, Malacology, Invertebrate Paleontology and General Invertebrates</i></span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia PA 19103-1195, USA<br>
<i><a href="mailto:callomon@ansp.org" target="_blank">callomon@ansp.org</a> Tel 215-405-5096 - Fax 215-299-1170</i></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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