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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I agree with Jeff’s remarks about shock – bear in mind that no matter how slowly one does it, freezing causes water in specimens to expand, breaking open cells
and tearing membranes. That’s why frozen steak will never be mistaken for fresh…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">PC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Paul Callomon</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><br>
<i>Collection Manager, Malacology, Invertebrate Paleontology and General Invertebrates</i></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia</span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia PA 19103-1195, USA</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><br>
<i><a href="mailto:callomon@ansp.org" target="_blank">callomon@ansp.org</a> Tel 215-405-5096 - Fax 215-299-1170</i></span><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu [mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Jeff Stephenson<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 01, 2018 12:07 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Elizabeth Wommack; Julia Sybalsky<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Hanson, Trish; nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Nhcoll-l] Dermestid control in pelts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Hello Trish,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I agree with Beth and Julia, but some specimens might experience shock going directly from room temperature into ultracold temperatures. If you have skeletal
material or other natural history materials, you may wish to use a “warmer” temperature of -20 to -30 C, but this does require more time in the freezer (something you would have to gauge against your program schedule, and against risks of ultracold freezer
damage to your collection). At -20C (-4F), the low temperature for many commercial chest freezers, we would leave the specimens in for a minimum of 14 days.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Jeff<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">JEFF STEPHENSON<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">
<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a> [<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Elizabeth Wommack<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, February 01, 2018 9:51 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Julia Sybalsky<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Hanson, Trish; <a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Nhcoll-l] Dermestid control in pelts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Trish,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I'll echo Julia's recommendation on freezing. We keep a regular schedule for freezing, package specimens into plastic containers, and freeze them for at least 3 days at -80. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">For specimens that are used in teaching, a regular schedule really helps keep control over the possible appearance of the pests. When we send specimens out for teaching use, they are frozen before they are allowed to go back into the regular
collection. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I'd recommend freezing all of your pelts, finding an air tight container to store them in, and then freezing each set that goes out afterwards. Hopefully, if you kill all the pests now you won't need to freeze the entire collection all
at once again.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Beth Wommack<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Thu, Feb 1, 2018 at 5:26 AM, Julia Sybalsky <<a href="mailto:jsybalsky@amnh.org" target="_blank">jsybalsky@amnh.org</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Trish,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">We have found freezing to be a comparatively straightforward, low cost, low toxicity solution to managing pest outbreaks in pelts and hides in our collections. Particularly with a teaching collection that will
be handled by students, I would think freezing and anoxia are your best options. For freezing to be effective, it's important that the protocol utilizes appropriate air-tight packing, and a freezer that is adequately cold for a sufficient period of time. Pelts
do not need to be packed individually. Our standard protocol is 1 week at -40. In some cases this would be overkill but it allows us to know that we have effectively killed not only the species we know or suspect are present, but also anything that may have
gone unnoticed, at all life stages. <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Furldefense.proofpoint.com-252Fv2-252Furl-253Fu-253Dhttp-2D3A-5F-5FMuseumpests.net-2526d-253DDwMGaQ-2526c-253DcjytLXgP8ixuoHflwc-2DpoQ-2526r-253DLpYc-5FZ-5FiN1KRw0hheb3x6-2D8MJUMu482qfHowpGYJqwc-2526m-253DiVWoPQxQ1PYJcNzMmxGooHhGgQU1bikV3nOhxG8ZoPE-2526s-253DgqswCkHdxxMD5fKXjy6TiHjnRj1zE5AYSyft4mTeYpE-2526e-253D-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cprc44-2540drexel.edu-257C16a471d0962c48e1b19b08d56996538c-257C3664e6fa47bd45a696708c4f080f8ca6-257C0-257C0-257C636531016741382640-26sdata-3DrD-252FBYboYTHjl3cOv33lLWJ2Yky3VTLOBsEGXHtyrclo-253D-26reserved-3D0&d=DwMGaQ&c=cjytLXgP8ixuoHflwc-poQ&r=LpYc_Z_iN1KRw0hheb3x6-8MJUMu482qfHowpGYJqwc&m=uWfNZXruu7WiicQ8Z2GsaCRxa9513C7xrYiDKH2Tvdg&s=-Y-wQJBDAmYUrgHOjgXoEq38ikX6tD2Z_GU2Ayki8dU&e=" target="_blank">
Museumpests.net</a> is a great resource for more information on freezing and other solutions. <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Julia Sybalsky <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Senior Associate Conservator<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Natural Science Collections Conservation <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">American Museum of Natural History<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">212-313-7533<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">413-695-9844 (cell)<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
On Feb 1, 2018, at 7:02 AM, Hanson, Trish <<a href="mailto:Trish.Hanson@vermont.gov" target="_blank">Trish.Hanson@vermont.gov</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">I received this inquiry from the coordinator of a natural history education program, and would like to share it with the nhcoll group. The issue is about dermestid beetles in
animal pelts that are contained in teaching kits. Thank you! She wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:36.0pt">
Several of our squirrel pelts have become infested with dermestid beetle larvae and we don't know what to do. We have about 50 pelts of gray and red squirrels, and several tails without the attached pelts (we collected these from road or cat kills). The beetles
first appeared in the tails, but now are spreading to the pelts too.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:36.0pt">
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:36.0pt">
We've been told to put them in a freezer but it's awkward as we have so many, and then we'll have to repack them into our kits every winter when we give them to schools to teach. We wondered if you'd have any suggestions, or could put us in touch with someone
who might. We can't use moth balls because many kids hate that smell (and it's probably bad for them to breathe anyway). We also have deer, beaver and muskrat pelts and deer legs - so far they are clean but we worry that the beetles might find them.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
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<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Elizabeth Wommack, PhD<br>
Curator and Collections Manager of Vertebrates<br>
University of Wyoming Museum of Vertebrates<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Berry Biodiversity Conservation Center<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">University of Wyoming, Laramie<br>
Laramie, WY 82071<br>
<a href="mailto:ewommack@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">ewommack@</a><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttps-253A-252F-252Furldefense.proofpoint.com-252Fv2-252Furl-253Fu-253Dhttp-2D3A-5F-5Fuwyo.edu-2526d-253DDwMFaQ-2526c-253DcjytLXgP8ixuoHflwc-2DpoQ-2526r-253DLpYc-5FZ-5FiN1KRw0hheb3x6-2D8MJUMu482qfHowpGYJqwc-2526m-253DHW6wIQiM-2DIbJi9-2DG8kcZFm50TVJZeZ1S6AYOh882H2Y-2526s-253DbEcwkAGTBYMl7GznHpL7E-2D22-2DqPv3eI-2Dk457bfjCxEQ-2526e-253D-26data-3D02-257C01-257Cprc44-2540drexel.edu-257C16a471d0962c48e1b19b08d56996538c-257C3664e6fa47bd45a696708c4f080f8ca6-257C0-257C0-257C636531016741538892-26sdata-3DJjd2JTbUagncezjteWmnpXEM6Hif3mCZ2zAf50jWHMk-253D-26reserved-3D0&d=DwMGaQ&c=cjytLXgP8ixuoHflwc-poQ&r=LpYc_Z_iN1KRw0hheb3x6-8MJUMu482qfHowpGYJqwc&m=uWfNZXruu7WiicQ8Z2GsaCRxa9513C7xrYiDKH2Tvdg&s=1tpaUNIfBgUsvUv2uUGmtYHE8WkGVD9vDHycTySz9Zc&e=" target="_blank">uwyo.edu</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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