<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1257">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"CIHFP L+ T T 31o 00";
panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p.msonormal0, li.msonormal0, div.msonormal0
{mso-style-name:msonormal;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
span.EmailStyle18
{mso-style-type:personal;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
span.EmailStyle20
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang="EN-NZ" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Sarah, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">A familiar question, and it is hard to find the champions at the higher levels who understand collections. Related to your question, here is a link to the correspondence article we signed in 2017,
a rebuttal to Garraffoni & Freitas (2017) who argue that images could be designated primary types. We make our case against it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Rogers, D. C., Shane T. Ahyong, Christopher B. Boyko & Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz. 2017. Images are not and should not ever be type specimens: a rebuttal to Garraffoni & Freitas. Zootaxa 4269(4): 455–459.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4269.4.3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EFAE2360-00AA-4E64-BC97-1022E4BAACDE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I don’t recall whether this list allows attachments, I can send the paper to whoever might not have access to it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Ngâ mihi nui<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Kareen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">An excerpt with a point I haven’t seen in the string yet here:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">While our main concern pertains to data quality and reproducibility, fraud is also a potential problem. Photographs and similar images are derivative of the actual organism and too easily manipulated; hence,
they should not be made the primary standards. The issue is not new. John James Audubon intentionally made images of imaginary fish and mammals, which Rafinesque (1818, 1820) unwittingly described as new species (Markle 1997; Woodman 2016). Although not taxonomic
in content, examples of altered images include those from two papers retracted from
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CIHFP L+ T T 31o 00",serif">Science
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">(McNutt 2014) and "enhanced" images of collembolans supposedly living in human skin (Christiansen & Bernard 2008, Shelomi 2013). Recently, two variants of the same photograph were discovered to be published in two different
books (d'Udekem d'Acoz & Verheye in press); one was obviously correct and the other skilfully manipulated, presumably in order "to repair" a structure that the authors erroneously believed to have been broken. Should photographs be allowed as types, the very
definition of the identity of newly described species may be compromised, either intentionally or unintentionally (see also Aguiar
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"CIHFP L+ T T 31o 00",serif">et al</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">. 2017).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Photographs and other images are useful, important, and excellent tools. Photographs can serve as proxys for the types (as many old illustrations do) and aid in their interpretation. Photographs and video
recordings, however, cannot and should not BE type specimens. Biological type specimens must exist in actual, not virtual reality</span><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Nhcoll-l <nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Sarah K. Huber<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, 27 September 2019 6:00 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Nhcoll-l] Why retain physical specimens<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Recently I’ve been fielding a lot of questions about why our collection should retain a physical specimen once it has been digitized (e.g., CT-scanned, photographed, x-rayed, etc.). I’m curious how often other museum
professionals are asked this question and what your general responses are for justifying the retention of a physical specimen. Why do you tell people it’s important to retain a specimen?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">If anyone knows of article that have addressed this specific question I would appreciate references so that I can have them on hand for particularly curious visitors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Sarah<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black;background:white">Sarah K. Huber, Ph.D.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black;background:white"><br>
Curatorial Associate, VIMS Nunnally Ichthyology Collection<br>
Office 804.684.7104 | Collection 804.684.7285<br>
<a href="mailto:skhuber@vims.edu">skhuber@vims.edu</a> | <a href="http://www.vims.edu/research/facilities/fishcollection/index.php">
http://www.vims.edu/research/facilities/fishcollection/index.php</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black"><br>
<span style="background:white">PO Box 1346 | 1370 Greate Rd., Gloucester Pt., VA 23062<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<table style="width: 600px; font-size: 8pt; font-family: Arial" cellspacing="20">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.niwa.co.nz"><img src="https://www.niwa.co.nz/static/niwa-2018-horizontal-180.png"></a>
</td>
<td>
<table style="width: 500px">
<tbody>
<span>Dr Kareen Schnabel<br>
<font color="#1793d2">Marine Biologist</font><br>
<font color="#1793d2"></font><br>
+64-4-386-0862 | <br>
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA)<br>
301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta Point, Wellington New Zealand<br>
<b>Connect with NIWA:</b> <a href="https://www.niwa.co.nz">niwa.co.nz</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/nzniwa">
Facebook</a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/niwa">LinkedIn</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/niwa_nz">
Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/niwa_science">Instagram</a> </span>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<font face="Arial" size="1">To ensure compliance with legal requirements and to maintain cyber security standards, NIWA's IT systems are subject to ongoing monitoring, activity logging and auditing. This monitoring and auditing service may be provided by third
parties. Such third parties can access information transmitted to, processed by and stored on NIWA's IT systems</font>
</body>
</html>