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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hi,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I would like to add to this discussion that once oxidation starts, there is no way to stop it. You can slow down the process by controlling the environmental conditions and doing some treatments,
but the destruction of the specimen will be a reality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">You should always have good records of those specimens and, if you can, scan them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The oxidation process of one specimen will contaminate the others by the emission of sulfuric acid, destroying or damaging labels and all paper materials associated which are near the specimens.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Please have a look to all the helpful bibliography sent previously.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Vicen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy">Ms Vicen Carrió
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Nhcoll-l <nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Tacker, Christopher<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, April 18, 2023 8:49 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Leslie L Skibinski <lls94@cornell.edu>; Nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Nhcoll-l] [External] Storing and or displaying pyrite<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Hi, Leslie,</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"> </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white;text-autospace:none"><span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">I have an open source paper you might find to be of interest, a literature review of
the process of pyrite oxidation and the growth of efflorescent minerals. I'm a mineralogist, so I've always thought that if you didn't understand the minerals involved in a geologic process, you'd never understand the process. </span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"> </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white;text-autospace:none"><span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">A review of “pyrite disease” for paleontologists, with potential focused interventions.
</span></span><span class="contentpasted1"><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">Palaeontologia Electronica, 23(3):a45. </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2fdoi.org%2f10.26879%2f1044&c=E,1,Nw22Ize5CipGsm5qrdz1nqn2Gln3Kpqt7W1ZpS5lFtSyIq5uWBTwkEkzlnCu8Md_ZVqLmUQaIIFLdIWHfEE6BtVsZKxN1Dh3JQzpj_g64_PoFfG1TiY2dOsH&typo=1&ancr_add=1"><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">https://doi.org/10.26879/1044</span></a></span><span class="contentpasted1"><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="color:black"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2f%2f%2fpalaeo-electronica.org%2fcontent%2f2020%2f3159-pyrite-disease&c=E,1,bEyaZU2OIOALxBC7WXJH3Zt88KbiU4zApstFGdH_1n7b1cK12MnHm1Gpkx-zLuBytgt4VNh4D_n05fodYtz5m5HgaT56-1Tbcyocd6qb&typo=1&ancr_add=1"><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">//palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/3159-pyrite-disease</span></a></span><span class="contentpasted1"><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="ES" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif;color:black">To summarize for those without time to track it down. </span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">Oxidation, reduction and hydration are reactions that involve movement of electrons. Pyrite is a semiconductor, so it moves electrons easily. In vacuum, for XPS
spectroscopy, pyrite will pick up oxygen within minutes to seconds. The race against oxidation may be lost once the pyrite is exposed to air. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">Oxygen and water work quickly to oxidize the pyrite surface. Together, they work even more quickly. The third major oxidant is Fe<sup>3+</sup>. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">Movement of electrons, for pyrite surface oxidation, involves the oxidant, the entire body of the pyrite, and the pyrite surface. If it’s happenin’ at the surface,
all the other electrons come to the party. Electrons move though the body of the pyrite and across the surface, from Fe to Fe as well as from Fe to S. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">Electron conductivity of pyrite covers
<b>four orders of magnitude</b>. This is why some pyrites decay quickly and others don’t. Conductivity is enhanced by trace elements and vacancies in the pyrite. Trace element concentrations for pyrite also covers four orders of magnitude. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">Efflorescent Fe<sup>2+</sup> sulfate minerals will change hydration state quickly with changes of humidity. Fe<sup>3+</sup> sulfates
<b>do not lose the water</b> once it’s there. This is why humidity control alone is ineffectual. You must control oxygen as well. Dry nitrogen is probably cheapest. If you use expensive oxygen “getters”, I think you need to show that they work faster and have
a higher buffer capacity than your pyrite does. I would bet on the pyrite. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">And BTW, Fe<sup>3+</sup> sulfate minerals develop quickly from the initial Fe<sup>2+</sup> sulfate minerals. In my experiments, with a wekk or so. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">The pyrite and the sulfate minerals
<i>all </i>gather a film of water as time progresses. This enhances the movement of electrons to the reaction site. It’s uncertain if the pyrite will lose that film under lower humidity conditions, but it is
<i>certain</i> that the Fe<sup>3+</sup> minerals will not. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">Various coatings are ineffectual at preserving the pyrite or the fossil. They do not block oxygen or water or electron movement. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">“Neutralizing” acid is ineffectual. Strong acids don’t just hang around waiting for a base. They react, unfortunately, with nearly anything. My experiments on
the reaction between sulfuric acid and apatite (a bone analog) went so fast that I couldn’t turn around and put the specimen on the spectrometer stage. You can
<i>watch</i> the calcium sulfate crystals grow. Also, cleaning pyrite with carbonate minerals actually enhances the pyrite surface reactions. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span class="contentpasted1"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Calibri Light",sans-serif">Macro does not equal micro. The actual humidity at the pyrite surface reflects the hydrous minerals present, not the ambient humidity of the air. The actual humidity
depends on the film of water on the pyrite surface. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Chris <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">Chris Tacker<i> (he, him, his)</i></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:black">From:</span></b><span style="color:black"> Nhcoll-l <</span><a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a><span style="color:black">> on behalf of Leslie L Skibinski
<</span><a href="mailto:lls94@cornell.edu">lls94@cornell.edu</a><span style="color:black">><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, April 18, 2023 12:27 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> NHCOLL-L (</span><a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><span style="color:black">) <</span><a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><span style="color:black">><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [External] [Nhcoll-l] Storing and or displaying pyrite</span> <o:p>
</o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.0pt;background:#FFEB9C"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;color:red">CAUTION:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"> External email. Do not click links or open attachments unless
verified. Report suspicious emails with the Report Message button located on your Outlook menu bar on the Home tab.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Hello everyone,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">We have just gotten some fossils where the organism has been replaced with pyrite (FeS2). Because of this, they are inherently unstable and very prone to pyrite disease. Just in the short time we have had them, they
have started to become less shiny (oxidize).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Has anyone had experience with storing pyrite? Are there ways of packaging or storing the specimens that reduce oxygen and help maintain a stable low relative humidity? Should we use a molecular sieve or is silica
gel OK. Has anyone worked with a fabricator to design and produce a storage or exhibit case? Would storing the specimens in an anoxic environment such as storing them in nitrogen or some inert gas be feasible and reasonably cost effective?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Any information or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">--Leslie<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Leslie L. Skibinski<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Collection Manager<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Paleontological Research Institution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">1259 Trumansburg Road<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Ithaca, New York 14850<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Phone: (607) 273-6623 ext. 128<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US">Fax: (607) 273-6620<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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National Museums Scotland, Scottish Charity, No. SC 011130
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