<div dir="ltr">Adding to the general discussion regarding green staining of bones: algae can also cause green staining. When we moved into a new skeleton preparation lab equipped with 24/7 safety lights, we found that the constant light allowed algae to grow in our maceration jars, and skeletons from the affected jars were stained green (photos attached). Once we covered our cabinets with blackout fabric, the algae problem went away.<div><br></div><div>-Symcha Gillette</div><div>Research Affiliate, University of Alaska Museum Bird Collection</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Oct 2, 2025 at 2:26 AM Neil Clark <<a href="mailto:Neil.Clark@glasgow.ac.uk" target="_blank">Neil.Clark@glasgow.ac.uk</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>





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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Hi All,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Green and blue coated bones are also common in palaeontology and have turned out to be vivianite coating - which is a hydrated iron phosphate.  It can form naturally in low-oxygen, iron-rich,
 waterlogged environments on ice-age remains, but also can be found to replace soft tissue in much older material as well (such as the famous conodont animal from the Carboniferous of Scotland).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">All the best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Neil<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Nhcoll-l <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Walter Johannes<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 02 October 2025 10:19<br>
<b>To:</b> Tir, Jessica K <<a href="mailto:jessica.tir@wsu.edu" target="_blank">jessica.tir@wsu.edu</a>>; <a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Nhcoll-l] [EXTERNAL] Re: Green bird skeleton<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT">Hi!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT">Late but might be interesting for you: Green bones are well-established objects in archaeology, resp. archaeozoology and as much I know, it had been always linked to copper minerals
 in soil or copper objects in graves etc.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT">e.g.:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT"><img width="345" height="248" style="width: 3.5937in; height: 2.5833in;" id="m_-7549268213036794173m_-4760109596093213439Grafik_x0020_1" src="cid:ii_199a8a918fa4ce8e91"></span><span lang="DE-AT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT">Johannes<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="DE">Von:</span></b><span lang="DE"> Nhcoll-l <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>>
<b>Im Auftrag von </b>Tir, Jessica K<br>
<b>Gesendet:</b> Freitag, 26. September 2025 23:47<br>
<b>An:</b> <a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br>
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: [Nhcoll-l] [EXTERNAL] Re: Green bird skeleton<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">Hi all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">Thanks for the responses, this is interesting!
<span style="background:white">We apparently received this item via exchange with the Smithsonian (while it was still in fluid), so that adds another set of unknown decisions to the mix.</span></span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">We did try testing it with an arsenic water test kit, which came up negative, but I wasn’t sure if that test was valid for arsenic pigments. But, the
 copper container/wire idea does seem more likely. I’ll try to hunt down someone with a portable XRF to confirm!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">Maybe I’ll show the bones on our social media when the next Wicked movie comes out...<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">Thanks,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">Jess<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(166,15,45)"><img border="0" width="67" height="67" style="width: 0.6979in; height: 0.6979in;" id="m_-7549268213036794173m_-4760109596093213439Graphic_x0020_1" src="cid:ii_199a8a918fa5b16b22" alt="Washington State University Logo: W, S, U, letters create a cougar head."></span></b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(166,15,45)">Jessica Tir
</span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(89,89,89)">(she/her)</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Curator</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Charles R. Conner Museum</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">School of Biological Sciences</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Washington State University</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Office: 509-335-3515</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Email:
</span><u><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(5,99,193)"><a href="mailto:jessica.tir@wsu.edu" target="_blank">jessica.tir@wsu.edu</a></span></u><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><u><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)"><a href="https://sbs.wsu.edu/conner-museum/" target="_blank">Conner Museum Website</a></span></u><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12pt"><b><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">From:
</span></b><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">Nhcoll-l <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>> on behalf of Schubert, Blaine W. <<a href="mailto:SCHUBERT@mail.etsu.edu" target="_blank">SCHUBERT@mail.etsu.edu</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, September 25, 2025 at 9:07</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">AM<br>
<b>To: </b>Jacqueline Miller <<a href="mailto:jmiller@rom.on.ca" target="_blank">jmiller@rom.on.ca</a>>, Fabian Neisskenwirth <<a href="mailto:info@naturhistorische-konservierung.de" target="_blank">info@naturhistorische-konservierung.de</a>>,
<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a> <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Nhcoll-l] [EXTERNAL] Re: Green bird skeleton<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<b><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:10pt;color:black">[EXTERNAL EMAIL]</span></b><span lang="DE-AT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black">I once soaked an alligator skeletal specimen in dilute ammonia and there was a copper wire in with specimen tag. The copper went into solution and turned
 the bone into a beautiful green color.  <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black;background:white">Blaine W. Schubert, PhD</span></i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black;background:white">Executive Director, Center of Excellence in Paleontology</span></i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black;background:white">Director, Gray Fossil Site & Museum</span></i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black;background:white">Professor, Dept. of Geosciences</span></i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black;background:white">East Tennessee State University</span></i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Cambria,serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="DE-AT" style="color:black">From:</span></b><span lang="DE-AT" style="color:black"> Nhcoll-l <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>> on behalf of Jacqueline Miller <<a href="mailto:jmiller@rom.on.ca" target="_blank">jmiller@rom.on.ca</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, September 25, 2025 11:56 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Fabian Neisskenwirth <<a href="mailto:info@naturhistorische-konservierung.de" target="_blank">info@naturhistorische-konservierung.de</a>>;
<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a> <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [EXTERNAL] Re: [Nhcoll-l] Green bird skeleton</span><span lang="DE-AT">
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">HI Jessica, we have also encountered this with some dry, historical canid skulls in our collections.  These have been tested by XRF and we find
 chromium and copper (as well as the usual elements associated with preserved bone), but no arsenic.  It is thought, given the provenance of one skull in particular, that it may have something to do with the soil conditions (one was excavated).  Agree with
 older wires or other mounting materials as well, these will leach into the bone when soaked.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Interesting to have a few green skeletons though, it makes for great collection stories and is not, in-of-itself harmful to the specimen.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Best, Jacqui<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><img border="0" width="108" height="109" style="width: 1.125in; height: 1.1354in;" id="m_-7549268213036794173m_-4760109596093213439_x0000_i1034" src="https://projects.rom.on.ca/graphics/new_rom_logo.png"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Jacqueline Miller, PhD (She/Her/Hers)</span></b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><br>
Collections Technician 2  -  DNH<br>
<br>
100 Queen's Park<br>
Toronto, ON M5S 2C6<br>
416 586 5769</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:6pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:6pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">ROM acknowledges that this museum sits on the ancestral lands of the Wendat, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, and the Anishinaabek Nation, which includes the
 Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation, since time immemorial to today.<br>
<br>
Le ROM reconnaît que le Musée est situé sur les terres ancestrales des Wendats, de la Confédération des Haudenosaunee et de la Nation Anishinabek, y compris la Première Nation des Mississaugas de Credit, et qu’ils occupent ces terres depuis la nuit des temps.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><b><span lang="DE-AT">From:</span></b><span lang="DE-AT"> Nhcoll-l <<a href="mailto:nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l-bounces@mailman.yale.edu</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Fabian Neisskenwirth<br>
<b>Sent:</b> September 25, 2025 7:06 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu" target="_blank">nhcoll-l@mailman.yale.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Nhcoll-l] Green bird skeleton</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(33,33,33)">You don't often get email from
</span><u><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:blue"><a href="mailto:info@naturhistorische-konservierung.de" target="_blank">info@naturhistorische-konservierung.de</a></span></u><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(33,33,33)">.
</span><u><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:blue"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/aka.ms/LearnAboutSenderIdentification__;!!JmPEgBY0HMszNaDT!u5FDsGmgAw8socohR-F3x_86MaoCh84tQa1XHKEVlajHlRybxbxTaiQfUsLaiRLQ5QeePMhAVUgPlZ8SNpGVs6It$" target="_blank">Learn
 why this is important</a></span></u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<b><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:10pt;color:black">[EXTERNAL EMAIL]</span></b><span lang="DE-AT" style="color:black">
</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:8pt;color:black">DO NOT CLICK links or attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.</span><span lang="DE-AT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">Dear Jessica,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">John's thought is pretty much the most plausible cause. Brass wires (containing copper) were used very commonly to suspend specimen or glass plates for mounts. It is actually quite common to find
 greenish stained specimen in different collections. This alteration is pretty much irreversible. In some way it also is a very interesting effect, since in whole specimens, only the bone and some fatty tissue is stained. In this sense it actually works a a
 great staining method. Even though I think that in most of the cases the staining is accidental. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">Interesting tough, is that i've noticed that most of the older specimens that still are containing brass wires for mounting that is not corroded and therefore staining the specimens, are specimen
 preserved in high percentage ethanol solutions (very little water content). This could eventually help to know in what kind of preservation fluid it was kept in. Off course this is no certainty, but maybe some help for the documentation.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">I really don't think that this has something to do with the mentioned arsenic based green pigment. This is more of an issue found on paper materials that were colored with this kind of pigments
 (Wallpaper, Books, Furniture, etc.). Besides that based from the time you told that the specimen was made, it was not a very common pigment used (it was banned in Germany for wallpapers use already in 1878). So you would find this mostly in object from the
 19th century and not after.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">Here is a good source about this pigment (in German, but you can use some translation tool):
<u><span style="color:blue"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/materialarchiv.ch/de/ma:material_954?type=all__;!!JmPEgBY0HMszNaDT!u5FDsGmgAw8socohR-F3x_86MaoCh84tQa1XHKEVlajHlRybxbxTaiQfUsLaiRLQ5QeePMhAVUgPlZ8SNko-65ax$" target="_blank">https://materialarchiv.ch/de/ma:material_954?type=all</a></span></u><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">Hope this solves the mystery!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">All the best,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Am 24.09.25 um 20:57 schrieb John E Simmons:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:black">Jessica,</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:black">Although arsenic exposure is a possibility, I think it is far more likely that the fluid specimen was stored in a copper container.
 I have seen the same color green in anuran skeletons stored in copper containers. There were a number of substances added to fluid preservatives that stained specimens green (e.g., alum).</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:black">If you know anyone who has an arsenic test kit you could probably confirm whether it is arsenic green. The test kits are relatively easy
 to use.</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:black">--John</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif">John E. Simmons<br>
Writer and Museum Consultant</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif">Museologica<br>
<i>and</i><br>
Research Associate, Earth and Mineral Sciences Museum & Art Gallery</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif">Penn State University</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif">and</span></i><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif">Investigador Asociado, Departamento de Ornitologia<br>
Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">On Wed, Sep 24, 2025 at 2:35</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">PM
 Tir, Jessica K <<u><span style="color:blue"><a href="mailto:jessica.tir@wsu.edu" target="_blank">jessica.tir@wsu.edu</a></span></u>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">Hi all,</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">There is a mint green razorbill skeleton in our collection. The particular shade of green reminds me of arsenic-based pigments like
 Paris/Scheele's green. I’m wondering if any of you have encountered a green skeleton like this or have guesses about what happened here?</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">This bird was collected in 1951 and preserved in fluid until 1968 when it was converted to a skeleton. I don’t have any other information
 about what chemicals or treatments were applied to the specimen.</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">Thoughts?</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">Best,</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:black">Jess</span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(166,15,45)"><img border="0" width="67" height="67" style="width: 0.6979in; height: 0.6979in;" id="m_-7549268213036794173m_-4760109596093213439x_m_-7199628223398190499m_-5390957517702727107Graphic_x0020_1" src="cid:ii_199a8a918fa692e333" alt="Washington State University Logo: W, S, U, letters create a cougar head."></span></b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p style="margin:0cm"><b><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(166,15,45)">Jessica Tir
</span></b><span style="font-size:8pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(89,89,89)">(she/her)</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Curator</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Charles R. Conner Museum</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">School of Biological Sciences</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Washington State University</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Office: 509-335-3515</span><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(77,77,77)">Email:
</span><u><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:blue"><a href="mailto:jessica.tir@wsu.edu" target="_blank">jessica.tir@wsu.edu</a></span></u><u></u><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><u><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:blue"><a href="https://sbs.wsu.edu/conner-museum/" target="_blank">Conner Museum Website</a></span></u><u></u><u></u></p>
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<pre><span lang="DE-AT">_______________________________________________<u></u><u></u></span></pre>
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<pre><span lang="DE-AT">NHCOLL-L is brought to you by the Society for the Preservation of<u></u><u></u></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<pre><span lang="DE-AT">Natural History Collections (SPNHC), an international society whose<u></u><u></u></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<pre><span lang="DE-AT">mission is to improve the preservation, conservation and management of<u></u><u></u></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<pre><span lang="DE-AT">natural history collections to ensure their continuing value to<u></u><u></u></span></pre>
</div>
<div>
<pre><span lang="DE-AT">society. See <u><span style="color:blue"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/www.spnhc.org__;!!JmPEgBY0HMszNaDT!u5FDsGmgAw8socohR-F3x_86MaoCh84tQa1XHKEVlajHlRybxbxTaiQfUsLaiRLQ5QeePMhAVUgPlZ8SNhvYVvl-$" target="_blank">http://www.spnhc.org</a></span></u> for membership information.<u></u><u></u></span></pre>
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<pre><span lang="DE-AT">Advertising on NH-COLL-L is inappropriate.<u></u><u></u></span></pre>
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</blockquote>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">--<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><b><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Fabian Neisskenwirth</span></b><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Restaurator/Präparator<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Waterfohrstr. 20<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:12pt;margin-left:0cm">
<span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">DE-45139 Essen<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Tel: +49 (0) 1573 2778729<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><u><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif;color:blue"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/www.naturhistorische-konservierung.de__;!!JmPEgBY0HMszNaDT!u5FDsGmgAw8socohR-F3x_86MaoCh84tQa1XHKEVlajHlRybxbxTaiQfUsLaiRLQ5QeePMhAVUgPlZ8SNiNh22Rd$" target="_blank">www.naturhistorische-konservierung.de</a></span></u><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"> <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><img border="0" width="495" height="192" style="width: 5.1562in; height: 2in;" id="m_-7549268213036794173m_-4760109596093213439x_Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:ii_199a8a918fa772f6c4"></span><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">On now at ROM,
<u><span style="color:blue"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.rom.on.ca/whats-on/exhibitions/saints-sinners-lovers-and-fools-300-years-flemish-masterworks__;!!JmPEgBY0HMszNaDT!u5FDsGmgAw8socohR-F3x_86MaoCh84tQa1XHKEVlajHlRybxbxTaiQfUsLaiRLQ5QeePMhAVUgPlZ8SNhZ16JpR$" target="_blank">Saints,
 Sinners, Lovers, and Fools: 300 Years of Flemish Masterworks</a></span></u>. Tickets on sale now at
<u><span style="color:blue"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.rom.on.ca/en__;!!JmPEgBY0HMszNaDT!u5FDsGmgAw8socohR-F3x_86MaoCh84tQa1XHKEVlajHlRybxbxTaiQfUsLaiRLQ5QeePMhAVUgPlZ8SNp978ufC$" target="_blank">rom.ca</a></span></u>.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="DE-AT">
<hr size="2" width="100%" align="center">
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<p style="margin:0cm"><span lang="DE-AT">À l'affiche :
<u><span style="color:blue"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.rom.on.ca/fr/whats-on/exhibitions/vice-vertu-desir-folie-trois-siecles-de-chefs-doeuvre-flamands__;!!JmPEgBY0HMszNaDT!u5FDsGmgAw8socohR-F3x_86MaoCh84tQa1XHKEVlajHlRybxbxTaiQfUsLaiRLQ5QeePMhAVUgPlZ8SNrC6y_WD$" target="_blank">Vice,
 Vertu, Désir, Folie : Trois siècles de chefs-d'œuvre flamands</a></span></u>. Billets en vente sur
<u><span style="color:blue"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.rom.on.ca/fr__;!!JmPEgBY0HMszNaDT!u5FDsGmgAw8socohR-F3x_86MaoCh84tQa1XHKEVlajHlRybxbxTaiQfUsLaiRLQ5QeePMhAVUgPlZ8SNu6oKGT0$" target="_blank">rom.ca/fr</a></span></u>.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm"><i><span lang="DE-AT" style="color:red">The [EXTERNAL] tag in the subject line identifies emails that do NOT originate from an ETSU person or service. Please exercise caution when handling emails
 from external sources. Any email that is unsolicited and requires you to take immediate action, appears to be forged or is PHISHING for information can be verified by emailing the ITS Help Desk.</span></i><span lang="DE-AT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
NHCOLL-L is brought to you by the Society for the Preservation of<br>
Natural History Collections (SPNHC), an international society whose<br>
mission is to improve the preservation, conservation and management of<br>
natural history collections to ensure their continuing value to<br>
society. See <a href="http://www.spnhc.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.spnhc.org</a> for membership information.<br>
Advertising on NH-COLL-L is inappropriate.<br>
</div></blockquote></div>