<div dir="ltr"><p style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" id="gmail-docs-internal-guid-40b26a55-7fff-2743-15f0-8248151b31d7"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Black Lives Matter and Intersectionality<br></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><br></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Introduction</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This week marks the end of our summer learning series before we transition into a new form for autumn, and we want to circle back to when this reading group began: in the aftermath of the killings of George Floyd and the upwelling of resistance that followed. The murders of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery -- among others -- galvanized the world, stoked the flames of resistance, and prompted increased scrutiny of so many systems of oppression, including racism, homophobia, sexism, transphobia, and settler colonialism. At the Yale Forests, we had started to examine what a meaningful land acknowledgement would look like as students and practitioners of stewardship in the Northeast, a process that led us to form this reading group. Rather than simply acknowledge the Native peoples whose land we work and study on at the Yale Forests, we wanted to turn that reflective statement into acts of practice. Like so many around the world, we were inspired to actualize the reading group portion of this work on the heels of the Black Lives Matter movement's call to action. This reading group is dedicated to recentering Native life and experience in the Northeast and beyond, and cannot fully do so without also exploring the intersections with Black lives and experiences, as well as acknowledging the social context in which we began this work. This week, we will explore the intertwining histories of Black and Native Americans, highlighting the intersections of Black and Native resistance. We have had the privilege of collaborating with and receiving guidance from Meghanlata Gupta on this week's content. In the following paragraph, Meghan explains in her own words the intersectionality of Native and Black lives:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">In the United States, the early settler-colonial project operated differently for Native Americans and Black Americans. In seeking the total genocide of Indigenous peoples and cultures and full assimilation into white society, the United States used structures of blood quantum, boarding schools, urban relocation, and forced Christianization, among others. In seeking to continue the oppressive practices of slavery and Black disenfranchisement, and thus continue denying Black communities civil rights and resources, the US enacted Jim Crow laws and promoted policing, racial capitalism, and incarceration. In this way, we see the colonial project working in different and somewhat opposite ways—so while Native and Black peoples have shared lived experiences, it is necessary to note that there are distinct ways in which anti-Blackness pervades ALL non-Black spaces, especially as we discuss Native American involvement with African enslavement. Additionally, it is equally important that we adopt a transnational understanding of Indigeneity when we speak about Black and Indigenous relationships in the United States. Many Black communities in the United States are descended from displaced Indigenous peoples who were taken from their own homes to further the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slave-labor plantations. Today, Black tribal citizens have shared their stories of what it means to be Black and Indigenous through a </span><a href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/what-does-it-mean-to-be-black-and-native-in-2020-T8eoAtse606ZYCTODPX1og" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">series</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> from Indian Country Today. It is absolutely essential that we both hold ourselves accountable for the ways in which we have perpetuated anti-Blackness, continue to educate ourselves, and work to center Black voices and organizing efforts in all that we do. </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Part 1: A complex history</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Black and Native peoples have shared space on the continent for hundreds of years, along with the white colonizers who forcibly brought them together. The stories of these two communities and their interconnectedness are rich, complex, and always in progress. This week, we'll touch on this history of intersection and consider how stories of the past are part of an unbroken line to the present moment's collective resistance to white supremacy. </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">To start, we're listening to a story told by </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Dr. Rae Gould</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">, whom we referenced last week. Dr. Gould is a member of the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Nipmuc Nation</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> of Massachusetts and currently the Associate Director of Native American and Indigenous Studies at Brown University. In 2012, she gave a talk with Ramona Peters of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe at the </span><a href="http://www.pequotmuseum.org/default.aspx" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> in Ledyard, Connecticut as part of a traveling exhibit put on by the Smithsonian Institution. The exhibit was titled </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">IndiVisible: African-Native American Lives in the Americas</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">. </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Dr. Gould describes growing up in Northeast Connecticut, in a family that was both Native and African American. It wasn't something that struck her as unusual, until she decided to start her own family and an in-law asked, "is your mother white?" As a scholar, Dr. Gould takes this experience and looks backward through the lens of perceived authenticity. She asks, "Who determines what a real Indian is? What they should look like? What they should act like?"</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">John Milton Earle, Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, was tasked with answering these questions in the mid-1800s. He was commissioned to produce a comprehensive report of all the Native American tribes in the state. In his words, he was looking for members of "a race, naturally inclined to a roving and unsettled life." Of those who self-identified as Native, Earle described that "some of them still possessed the lank, glossy black hair; the high cheekbones; the dark, bright eye, and other features peculiar to the race." He also notes that some Native Americans had intermarried with whites, "losing their distinct identity as a distinct class." He laments, "this would have been a fortunate thing for all the tribes if it would have been so with all of them." </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">When Earle's report was published in 1861, the government was gearing up to "enfranchise" Native Americans, a process epitomized by the Dawes Act that we discussed last week. The government performed this census on regional tribal groups in order to determine how to break up communally-held Native land. As Dr. Gould describes, Earle's process was to catalog the Native groups of Massachusetts in order to "make them go away as Indians." Far from being lost in the annals of history, Earle's report is the document that the Bureau of Indian Affairs refers back to to resolve questions of federal recognition. </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Dr. Gould cites the example of Mary Curliss Vickers, a Pegan Nipmuc whom Earle categorized as "miscellaneous" Indian despite the fact that she could document her entire family history going back generations. Earle categorized Native people this way when he could not place them into a particular tribe, either due to inadequate information or simply because they did not fit the stereotypes he expected to see. This categorization was used in the 2000s by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to deny recognition of Nipmuc membership to all of Mary Curliss Vickers' descendents -- nearly half of the Tribe, including Dr. Rae Gould.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Vickers didn't dress in full Native regalia, and critically -- as Dr. Gould points out -- was also African American. In other words, she didn't meet Earle's standard of what he believed a Native American should look and act like. By relying on Earle's report to decide tribal affiliation, the BIA continues to racially stereotype. As Dr. Gould put it, "they're not saying it's about skin color, but yet it's there, it's a constant subtext." Another example is the Cisco family, who lived on the Hassanamisco Nipmuc Reservation for generations. Earle categorized Samuel Cisco, a man with both African American and Narragansett ancestry who married into a Nipmuc family, as simply a "colored foreigner," despite the family's central role in tribal life on the reservation. This categorization would affect his descendents for generations.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">You can listen to the full story recorded as a podcast, and we're resharing a resource from last week, Dr. Rae Gould's dissertation, where much of the story is recorded.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Images from "Contested places: The history and meaning of Hassanamisco" by Dr. Rae Gould</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="border:medium none;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:215px;height:358px"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/bulMyhVI5uCuApRoRPEBr1hMLoTGcvr05NqOTriuI9d6D8knIVDTXLCDvzwhhhrCqez8ywHwusstPL8JzRhjXF6NQQzDMFKMeXHm3lGvpjFH0hDtqP6rGWTzRWKq5yfo4TP8r_22" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="215" height="358"></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="border:medium none;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:219px;height:327px"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/1__Q_0nPhqCTR6GLGktkUkZ2wNwwaWCLYkPYjvjwQ_7cpznZFIT4O1f51bPozcuPDgsEwR-8yYuqW14krJ3UINF4UYFYsbjx1ehC4lRQCf8idoRIGOg6fj-xrPtYjmq5vixJXvgK" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="219" height="327"></span></span></p><br><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="border:medium none;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:205px;height:362px"><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/OPq8l06Nl5EfazTgsHJtyj3xnVR5ap5GfT4YDcWbtIdBxPgPi3esM4BJoMS_zSzA1iGa20YCF7xACwfLbZV0zZfgsZZvv-Al1mbJ71JCsRpjCmtUgWjaWJwtN7xMiTcYx5nLOcvJ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="205" height="362"></span></span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Indigenous Politics: From Native New England and Beyond podcast: Episode 1, 2012: "African-Native American Lives in Massachusetts"</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="http://www.indigenouspolitics.com/2012-2/" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">http://www.indigenouspolitics.com/2012-2/</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Contested Places: The history and meaning of Hassanamisco - Dr. Rae Gould </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47869343_Contested_places_The_history_and_meaning_of_Hassanamisco#read" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47869343_Contested_places_The_history_and_meaning_of_Hassanamisco#read</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Dr. Gould's story is one among many considered in the Smithsonian exhibit. The exhibit examines and grapples with these immensely complex relationships: relationships between Native and Black Americans, and the relationships between both groups and colonizers.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"Native peoples experienced slavery—and saw enslaved Africans—differently at different times and places. Early in the colonial period, Native Americans were sometimes enslaved alongside African Americans. They intermarried and lived through common struggles. Some even coordinated armed resistance to white encroachment.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Later, Native tribes sometimes took in and harbored runaway slaves, accepting them into their communities and blending in their cultural expressions. But members of some Native nations, particularly the southeastern tribes that emulated white society, themselves kept African American slaves."</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">IndiVisible: African-Native American Lives in the Americas </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/indivisible/index.html" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/indivisible/index.html</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">While there are many, many stories of collective Black and Indigenous resistance throughout history, there has also been conflict. Even as regiments of Buffalo Soldiers fought Native peoples on behalf of the U.S. government, some Native American tribes held African slaves, often as a way to fit into a mold forced on them by colonizers. Rather than shy away from this complicated history, there are those, such as </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Rebecca Nagle</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> of the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Cherokee Nation</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">, who confront it head on. Nagle describes how the Cherokee Nation has a long history of intermarrying with both Blacks and whites. "By 1850" she writes, "an estimated half of all Cherokee citizens were of mixed race." In the aftermath of the Dawes Act, which we explored last week, "the lines of citizenship hardened." This increasingly obsessive identity accounting reached its maximum expression in the establishment of "blood quantum" laws for Native Americans. This accounting system -- still used today by both the federal government and some Native tribes -- assigns a percentage of "Indian blood" based on ancestry recorded in rolls such as John Milton Earle's 1861 report. Yet, as explored earlier, being assigned full Native blood in those early registries was often based on seemingly irrelevant factors such as skin color and style of dress. </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Elizabeth Rule </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- a citizen of the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Chickasaw Nation</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> and a doctoral candidate at Brown University who specializes in Native American studies -- explained the racialized nature of using a "blood quantum" to NPR in 2019:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"[A] great example for how to understand this problem in real life is that there is a history of freedmen who are black individuals who were living as fully incorporated members of Indian tribes. And when these original roles were taken, oftentimes these freedmen were not included, even though those individuals may be of mixed heritage: black and Indian. Because of their black appearance, they were listed on a separate roll. And today, the ramification is that they do not have that original enrollee [in their past]. They do not have enough blood quantum, and therefore oftentimes cannot be extended tribal membership."</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">These histories show the ways in which the framework of race -</span><a href="https://timeline.com/europeans-invented-the-concept-of-race-as-we-know-it-58f896fae625" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">- a white construct </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- has been used at times to force Black and Native Americans into opposition with one another rather than into allyship. Nagle highlights this when acknowledging that many within the Cherokee Nation held people as slaves themselves, and that, despite this fact and the extent of intermarrying and relationships between Native and Black Americans, by 1983 the Cherokee Nation was denying the right to vote to descendants of people whose names were listed on freedmen registries. After a protracted court battle, in 2017 "the nation restored the inherent Cherokee citizenship rights of the freedmen descendants." </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">So What Exactly Is 'Blood Quantum'?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/02/09/583987261/so-what-exactly-is-blood-quantum" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/02/09/583987261/so-what-exactly-is-blood-quantum</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Cherokee Nation adopted racism from Europeans. It's time to reject it.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-race-and-racism-cherokee-nation-adopted-racism-from-europeans-its-time-to-reject-it" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-race-and-racism-cherokee-nation-adopted-racism-from-europeans-its-time-to-reject-it</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Katrina Phillips</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">, a citizen of the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Ojibwe</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> and an assistant professor of history at Macalester College, looks at a single physical place, called Bdote (Twin Cities, Minnesota) by the Dakota people, to explore the complex, intertwined stories of Native and Black Americans. This is a site where colonizers would build a military fort, called Fort Snelling, and where the Twin Cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis would be incorporated. In a blog post for the National Museum of American History, Phillips connects the pre-colonial history and colonial legacy of this sacred place to the murder of George Floyd this past May.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">In 1805, colonists "purchased" the land at Bdote from the Dakota for "$200 worth of presents," and began constructing Fort Snelling in 1820. While the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 banned slavery in the Northwest Territory, and "the Missouri Compromise of 1820 also banned slavery in the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30' parallel," a number of colonists living at the fort -- including Josiah Snelling, the Fort's namesake -- owned enslaved Africans. In fact, "Lawrence Taliaferro, who served as the Indian Agent at the fort from 1820 to 1839, was the biggest local slaveholder in the region," importing enslaved people  from Virginia and using the fort as a staging area to buy and sell human beings. Phillips chronicles how a number of these enslaved Africans held at Fort Snelling sued -- some successfully -- for their freedom, including a slave named Dred Scott. Scott's case would eventually go to the Supreme Court in 1857, and become the basis for the infamous ruling that enslaved people were not included under the word "citizens" in the constitution. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court "compared enslaved people to American Indians, arguing that the situation of enslaved people was 'altogether unlike that of the Indian race.' Even though Native nations 'were uncivilized, they were yet a free and independent people…governed by their own laws.'"</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Fort Snelling was an important site in the Dakota Wars, a conflict which resulted in the death, imprisonment, and exile of thousands of Dakota. It also served as the headquarters for regiments of all-Black military units, who came to be known as "Buffalo Soldiers." A central task given to these soldiers was to control American Indians on the Great Plains. Phillips notes that the legacy of these soldiers is complicated, "particularly in terms of reconciling pride in military service with the regiments' role in the violence against and displacement of Native people."</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Collective Black and Native activism has pushed the fort to embrace this complex  history, rather than try to forget it. Phillips writes:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Fort Snelling was decommissioned in 1946. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and it reopened as Historic Fort Snelling in 1970. Its initial interpretations centered on life at the fort in 1827, so visitors never learned about enslaved people, the U.S.-Dakota War and its aftermath, or buffalo soldiers. However, local Black and Native community members, activists, and organizations have encouraged the Minnesota Historical Society (MNHS) to offer more inclusive and comprehensive interpretations and programming. In 2019, for instance, MNHS updated some signage to read "Historic Fort Snelling at Bdote." Continued activism has helped lead to a plan to revitalize the fort and increase the number of stories that will be told, including perspectives from Native nations, soldiers, enslaved and free African Americans, and Japanese Americans during World War II."</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"Where Two Waters Come Together": The Confluence of Black and Indigenous History at Bdote</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/where-two-waters" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/where-two-waters</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The effects of colonization and national culture imbued with white supremacy have left behind a complex legacy, which is reflected in the identities of all whom they've touched. We recommend this short video by the New York Times titled </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">A Conversation With Native Americans on Race </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">which includes perspectives from those identifying as Black as well: </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siMal6QVblE" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siMal6QVblE</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Additional Resources </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Albert B. Southwick's indignant column defending Earle</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.telegram.com/article/20070218/COLUMN21/702180533" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.telegram.com/article/20070218/COLUMN21/702180533</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Analysis of "I-hya Talu-tsa (River Cane Basket)" by EC Mingo</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://ygsna.sites.yale.edu/news/students-offer-object-analyses-place-nations-generations-beings" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://ygsna.sites.yale.edu/news/students-offer-object-analyses-place-nations-generations-beings</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"Beyond Blood Quantum" from the podcast All My Relations</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.allmyrelationspodcast.com/podcast/episode/49fcb76f/ep-10-beyond-blood-quantum" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.allmyrelationspodcast.com/podcast/episode/49fcb76f/ep-10-beyond-blood-quantum</span></a></p><br><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Part 2: Connected in the Past, Present, & Future</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Despite its complexities, the historical relationship between Black and Native peoples  has been one of resistance. As noted in the online archive of the IndiVisible exhibit: </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"Throughout their shared history, African American and Native peoples have risen up together to fight against oppression. At times, the two communities came together in solidarity but kept themselves separate. At other times, however, the people blended through these struggles, forming irrevocable bonds of kinship.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Escaped African American slaves who were adopted into Native communities defended tribal homelands against invasion as a way to preserve their own freedom and that of their allies. When enslaved together, Native and African American captives attempted to overthrow those who claimed to own them. These compatriots were sometimes executed together in retaliation for defying the racial order."</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Arguably, Native and Black resistance have never been stronger than in the last decade. Major protests such as Standing Rock and the Black Lives Matter protests of 2013 through to the present have captivated public attention, won legal victories, and shifted the national conversation on race and justice. This has been accomplished, in part, through solidarity between the movements. As  </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Leanne Betasamosake Simpson</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> -- a </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Michi Saagiig Nishnaabeg</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> scholar, writer and artist -- wrote in 2014 (in the aftermath of the jury decision not to indict white police officer Darren Wilson for the murder of Michael Brown): </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"I was reminded over and over this week that black and indigenous communities of struggle are deeply connected through our experiences with colonialism, oppression, and white supremacy. Indigenous and black people are disproportionately attacked and targeted by the state, and, in fact, policing in Turtle Island was born of the need to suppress and oppress black and indigenous resistance to colonialism and slavery.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Indigenous and black women are consistently decentered from our communities and targeted by four centuries of gendered violence, while black queer and indigenous Two-Spirit communities are targets of multiple sites of oppression, violence, and erasure. Black and indigenous children have been stolen from their families throughout colonial history through the institutions of slavery, and in Canada the residential schools and the child welfare system. We are interconnected through systems of oppression that would prefer us not to exist unless it can exploit us as commodities for labor."</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">An Indigenous View on #BlackLivesMatter</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2014/12/06/indigenous-view-black-lives-matter-leanne-simpson/" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2014/12/06/indigenous-view-black-lives-matter-leanne-simpson/</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This solidarity has been on display all around the country. Writing for High Country News, </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Brian Bull </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- a journalist and member of the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Nez Perce Tribe </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- tells the story of joint activism efforts in the city of Eugene, Oregon. As dubious statues and monuments are being taken down all around the country, activists in Eugene focused in on </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The Pioneer</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">. The statue was erected in 1919 to white supremacist fanfare, with speeches made about the greatness of the "white race." For years Black and Native activists have worked together in Eugene, and a group pulled the statue down this summer, dragging it to the steps of the administration building of the University of Oregon. Bull points out that this is only the latest expression of joint activism.</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"Long before this summer of protest, Black and Native American activists have supported each other's efforts to reexamine the white-centric, widespread, and woefully inaccurate history of this country, while also urging American society as a whole to recognize systemic racism and inequality—and to do something about them. Toppling statues of Christopher Columbus, Confederate soldiers, </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The Pioneer</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">—they are all part of a legacy of oppression, displacement and slavery."</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Indigenous and Black Lives Matter activists join forces in Oregon</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.hcn.org/articles/race-and-racism-native-americans-and-black-lives-matter-activists-join-forces-in-oregon" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.hcn.org/articles/race-and-racism-native-americans-and-black-lives-matter-activists-join-forces-in-oregon</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">This model of solidarity is inspiring; it's a powerful challenge to the damage of the past and the oppression of the present. In his piece for the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The Nation</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">, photographer </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Josué Rivas </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">-- affiliated with the </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Mexica</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> and </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Otomi</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> people -- describes the supportive role he took in recent BLM protests in Portland, Oregon, and what it means to work as an ally. Rivas says:</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-left:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">"Ultimately, our sovereignty as Indigenous peoples is interwoven with Black liberation. When their image is honored, we are all honored."</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Black Liberation and Indigenous Sovereignty Are Interconnected</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/black-liberation-indigenous-sovereignty/" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/black-liberation-indigenous-sovereignty/</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Additional Resources </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">February 2020 Issue of Indigenizing the News: Happy Black History Month!</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://mailchi.mp/88f522fa8dee/february-2020-happy-black-history-month" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://mailchi.mp/88f522fa8dee/february-2020-happy-black-history-month</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">June 2020 Issue of Indigenizing the News: #BLM for the Anniversary Issue</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://mailchi.mp/ae926f220faf/june-2020-blm-for-the-anniversary-issue" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://mailchi.mp/ae926f220faf/june-2020-blm-for-the-anniversary-issue</span></a></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">July 2020 Issue of Indigenizing the News: BLM, Prise, Mascots, McGirt, and more.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><a href="https://mailchi.mp/3febf02864c1/july-2020-where-we-are-where-we-are-going" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://mailchi.mp/3febf02864c1/july-2020-where-we-are-where-we-are-going</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">--</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" id="gmail-docs-internal-guid-e601ebe2-7fff-bef6-068d-2d236fd505c9"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Thanks so much for following along this week. Have thoughts, comments, or reflections you'd like to share? Are there resources you feel we should have included? We hope you'll send an email our way: </span><a href="mailto:yale-forests-reading-group@mailman.yale.edu" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">yale-forests-reading-group@mailman.yale.edu</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> or check us out on Instagram: </span><a href="https://www.instagram.com/yaleschoolforests/" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://www.instagram.com/yaleschoolforests/</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">. Let us know if you would like us to consider sharing your comment with the whole group! If you would be more comfortable sharing thoughts and feedback with us anonymously, please do so here: </span><a href="https://forms.gle/4tPajvuuB6vpC9mGA" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://forms.gle/4tPajvuuB6vpC9mGA</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">. </span></p><br><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Think a friend might enjoy subscribing? They can subscribe and learn more at our info page: </span><a href="https://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/yale-forests-reading-group" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/yale-forests-reading-group</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">. You can find past posts in our archives: </span><a href="https://mailman.yale.edu/pipermail/yale-forests-reading-group/" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">https://mailman.yale.edu/pipermail/yale-forests-reading-group/</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">.</span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><br></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">We who are learning from these resources are so immensely fortunate; we strive to hold a similarly immense amount of gratitude. The resources we've learned from throughout the summer have shown the inextricable connection of past, present, and future; how innumerable lives have fought against the horrors of oppression. To those past lives, if they will receive it, we humbly express our utmost sincere gratitude. We would also like to express tremendous thanks to those presently leading against oppression and erasure of Black and Indigenous peoples: Black and Indigenous activists. Thank you to the organizers, protesters, researchers, writers, and all those who have brought us a worldview of justice. </span></p><br><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Particularly, we would like to sincerely thank all those of the Black Lives Matter movement for their resounding call to action that helped foster tremendous momentum of social justice. We would also like to particularly thank the researchers, authors, and activists whose work we have shared: Dr. Rae Gould, Rebecca Nagle, Elizabeth Rule, Katrina Phillips, Leanne Betasamosake Simpson, Brian Bull, and Josué Rivas. Thank you for your incredible work and for sharing your knowledge. We would also like to express our continued gratitude towards Meghanlata Gupta, founder and editor-in-chief of Indigenizing the News, for her collaboration. You can subscribe to Indigenizing the News </span><a href="https://www.indigenizingthenews.com/" style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(17,85,204);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:underline;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">here</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Arial;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">.</span></div>