[Nhcoll-l] [EXTERN] Re: Desktop thermal printers?
Gali Beiner
gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il
Thu Apr 16 08:17:28 EDT 2026
I'll add to Dirk's post that to me, the fact that the "alphabet soup"
phenomenon has been spotted in various places (including our own
collections at NNHC-HUJI) in labels produced by different printers makes
laser printers a problematic choice. Laser printers are based firstly on
electric charges (the paper is negatively charged to attract the image from
the photoreceptor drum), and then on heating (to melt the powder from the
toner and fuse the resultant ink into the paper fibers). This, combined
with the paper quality and coating issue, means that there could be several
problematic points along the process of printing. Choice of paper is
actually the easiest point to resolve.
Gali
On Thu, Apr 16, 2026 at 3:01 PM Dirk Neumann <d.neumann at leibniz-lib.de>
wrote:
> Hi Ian and all,
>
> there is a lot of valuable information on the SPNHC Wiki on labels:
>
> https://spnhc.org/labeling-natural-history-collections/#Laser_Printing_.28and_Photocopiers.29
>
> Key factors for the adhesion of laser toner letters is the coating of the
> paper, its roughness and the temperature during printing.
>
> Some early Xerox labels from the 1980ies and 1990ies in my former
> collection were still fine in 30 years later in terms of printing, but the
> coating of the paper started to fell apart (visible white/grey shading,
> followed by detachment of letters from 'discoloured' grey areas).
>
> Letter soup usually occurs if the toner has not been melted properly onto
> the paper (i.e. its fibres), the surface was too smooth, or a combination
> of both.
>
> Hope this helps
> Dirk
>
>
> Am 14.04.2026 um 20:58 schrieb Ian Engelbrecht:
>
> Also, just continuing the aging acceleration discussion, what would be
> tremendously helpful would be a way to accelerate whatever process is going
> on which causes the *laser *printed letters to separate from the
> paper/substrate they're attached to. That might be a good student project
> in itself - working out what happens over time that causes that separation
> so we can understand and mitigate or avoid that process.
>
> Ian
>
> On Tue, Apr 14, 2026 at 8:56 PM Ian Engelbrecht <ianicus.za at gmail.com>
> wrote:
>
>> We have a similar experiment here. I printed labels on several different
>> archival papers, including Teslin, 'goatskin', and others, all with an
>> Epson EcoTank Mono 1100, and distributed copies to wet collections around
>> the country. They're all sitting in jars on windowsills now (or at least I
>> hope they are).
>>
>> Ian
>>
>> On Tue, Apr 14, 2026 at 6:00 PM Kendrick Fowler <kendrickorion at gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>>> Along with running labels through a tumbler or shaker of some kind, I
>>> think that exposing labels to light and heat (along the lines of Andy's
>>> window ledge test) could be useful and interesting for accelerated aging
>>> experiments.
>>>
>>> For what it's worth, I have been running a not-very-scientific test
>>> similar to Andy's with labels made using my lab's inkjet printer, albeit
>>> for much less time; the vials have been sitting in my window for ~5 years.
>>> So far, the labels have remained perfectly readable, and the text printed
>>> by the inkjet appears to have held up equally as well as text handwritten
>>> on the labels using a black Pigma Micron pen (though both the inkjet
>>> printed and the handwritten text appear to have faded slightly). The labels
>>> were printed on Enduro Xerographic 100% cotton paper using an Epson ET-4750
>>> EcoTank printer filled with Epson T5021 black ink, and the Micron pen was
>>> Sakura stock # XSDK005-49.
>>>
>>> Kendrick
>>>
>>>
>>> *Kendrick Fowler*, *Entomology Lab Manager*
>>> Hawthorne Valley Farmscape Ecology Program | hvfarmscape.org
>>> +1 (518) 672-7994 (office) | +1 (267) 377-7567 (cell)
>>>
>>> *Follow us** on Facebook
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>>> subscribe to our **Progress of the Seasons Journal
>>> <https://progressoftheseasons.wordpress.com/> for weekly **photoessays
>>> on **Columbia County's natural **wonders**.*
>>>
>>>
>>> On Tue, Apr 14, 2026 at 12:24 AM Gali Beiner <
>>> gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il> wrote:
>>>
>>>> Just adding my own angle - the tests described in my publication
>>>> involved tubes being shaked for hours in a laboratory shaker. Actually
>>>> sounds to me less rough, motion-wise, than a washing machine... I did add
>>>> glass spheres (no sharp angles) to the mix, though.
>>>>
>>>> However, the comments re: problems of accelerated aging are, of course,
>>>> valid. They are valid also for accelerated aging tests in fields other than
>>>> fluid collection labels. One way I dealt with that was shortening test
>>>> times from 1 month (as pee the "classic" Oddy Test) to 48 hours.
>>>>
>>>> In any case, I consider all of the comments here very valuable to
>>>> shsping future testing. I have sent an email to a person at the IPI (thanks
>>>> for the contact, Rob! Fabian, I'll follow yours, too!). If they reply, I'd
>>>> be happy to gather a think-tank team to discuss the subject with them.
>>>>
>>>> Gali
>>>>
>>>> Gali Beiner (ACR)
>>>> Conservator, Palaeontology Lab
>>>> National Natural History Collections
>>>> The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
>>>> Berman Building, Edmond J. Safra campus, Givat Ram
>>>> Jerusalem 91904, Israel
>>>> Fax. 972-2-6585785
>>>> *gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>*
>>>>
>>>> *https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en <https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en> *
>>>>
>>>> בתאריך יום ג׳, 14 באפר׳ 2026, 00:39, מאת Dirk Neumann <
>>>> d.neumann at leibniz-lib.de>:
>>>>
>>>>> Hi all,
>>>>>
>>>>> before we introduced our gill tags for a major field survey, I tagged
>>>>> small fish (2cm) with approx. 1cm gill tags, but them in PE-bottles with
>>>>> formalin, and put them into a washing machine running the full cold wash
>>>>> programme (no heat, but 'bumpy road' conditions.
>>>>>
>>>>> Think that matches Andy's idea of a rock tumbler quite well.
>>>>>
>>>>> The HP 600 ink jet labels on 100 g/m2 transparent paper preformed best
>>>>> (as already said in this thread: ink jet printing boils the ink and shoots
>>>>> it into the paper). Gill tags also stayed in place (second level of
>>>>> testing).
>>>>>
>>>>> We had perfect performance even on very bumpy off-road tracks in
>>>>> central Africa.
>>>>>
>>>>> Just an idea ...
>>>>>
>>>>> With best wishes
>>>>> Dirk
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Am 13.04.2026 um 17:20 schrieb Robert Waller:
>>>>>
>>>>> Hi Andy,
>>>>> You are right that accelerated aging tests can be misleading. I am not
>>>>> sure that is what would be wanted. Just having casually read the messages
>>>>> though, I thought that some guidance on specification of papers and inks
>>>>> might be useful. For example, where print simply floated off the paper when
>>>>> immersed, I might guess that could be a result of using a clay coated
>>>>> paper. That is just a guess as I do not have expertise in either printers
>>>>> or papers. It just seemed that we might clarify, even simplify, our
>>>>> understandings by communicating with the people who have expertise in that.
>>>>> IPI would seem a good place to start.
>>>>> Perhaps I should have explained that to start.
>>>>> Best,
>>>>> Rob
>>>>>
>>>>> ------------------------------
>>>>> *From:* Bentley, Andrew Charles <abentley at ku.edu> <abentley at ku.edu>
>>>>> *Sent:* Monday, April 13, 2026 10:44 AM
>>>>> *To:* Gali Beiner <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>
>>>>> <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>; Robert Waller <rw at protectheritage.com>
>>>>> <rw at protectheritage.com>
>>>>> *Cc:* NHCOLL-new <nhcoll-l at mailman.yale.edu>
>>>>> <nhcoll-l at mailman.yale.edu>
>>>>> *Subject:* Re: [Nhcoll-l] Desktop thermal printers?
>>>>>
>>>>> Hi all
>>>>>
>>>>> I think the rub (pun intended) with accelerated aging tests is that
>>>>> they can over-express real-world scenarios. A thermal transfer printer
>>>>> label (or any label for that matter) inserted into a glass jar, is going to
>>>>> be subject to limited abrasion and, as such, any accelerated aging test
>>>>> that uses physical abrasion as its main mechanism of aging is not going to
>>>>> be an accurate representation of real word effects in my opinion. Maybe
>>>>> placing a jar of alcohol with specimen and label in the equivalent of a
>>>>> rock tumbler would more closely approximate a real-world scenario.
>>>>>
>>>>> Andy
>>>>>
>>>>> A : A : A :
>>>>> }<(((_°>.,.,.,.}<(((_°>.,.,.,.}<)))_°>
>>>>> V V V
>>>>> Andy Bentley
>>>>> Ichthyology Collection Manager
>>>>> University of Kansas
>>>>> Biodiversity Institute
>>>>>
>>>>> Dyche Hall
>>>>> *1345 Jayhawk Boulevard
>>>>> <https://www.google.com/maps/search/1345+Jayhawk+Boulevard+%0D%0A+Lawrence,+KS,+66045-7561+%0D%0A+USA?entry=gmail&source=g>*
>>>>> *Lawrence, KS, 66045-7561
>>>>> <https://www.google.com/maps/search/1345+Jayhawk+Boulevard+%0D%0A+Lawrence,+KS,+66045-7561+%0D%0A+USA?entry=gmail&source=g>*
>>>>> *USA
>>>>> <https://www.google.com/maps/search/1345+Jayhawk+Boulevard+%0D%0A+Lawrence,+KS,+66045-7561+%0D%0A+USA?entry=gmail&source=g>*
>>>>>
>>>>> Tel: *(785) 864-3863* <%28785%29%20864-3863>
>>>>> Fax: *(785) 864-5335* <%28785%29%20864-5335>
>>>>> Email: *abentley at ku.edu* <abentley at ku.edu>
>>>>>
>>>>> ORCID: *https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3093-1258*
>>>>> <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3093-1258>
>>>>>
>>>>> *http://ichthyology.biodiversity.ku.edu*
>>>>> <http://ichthyology.biodiversity.ku.edu/>
>>>>>
>>>>> A : A : A :
>>>>> }<(((_°>.,.,.,.}<(((_°>.,.,.,.}<)))_°>
>>>>> V V V
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> ------------------------------
>>>>> *From:* Nhcoll-l <nhcoll-l-bounces at mailman.yale.edu>
>>>>> <nhcoll-l-bounces at mailman.yale.edu> on behalf of Gali Beiner
>>>>> <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il> <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>
>>>>> *Sent:* Sunday, April 12, 2026 1:06 AM
>>>>> *To:* Robert Waller <rw at protectheritage.com> <rw at protectheritage.com>
>>>>> *Cc:* NHCOLL-new <nhcoll-l at mailman.yale.edu>
>>>>> <nhcoll-l at mailman.yale.edu>
>>>>> *Subject:* Re: [Nhcoll-l] Desktop thermal printers?
>>>>>
>>>>> Hi Rob and all,
>>>>>
>>>>> I'm not familiar with task groups in SPNHC, so somebody who already
>>>>> works with one will have to explain to me how that works, but
>>>>> generally speaking - the main problem here is formulating the right kind of
>>>>> question to answer in a scientific research. In fact, it crosses my mind
>>>>> that if anybody here has a contact within the Image Permanence Institute,
>>>>> I'd be happy to get in touch (IPI, according to its own vision, is
>>>>> "dedicated to supporting the preservation of cultural heritage collections
>>>>> in libraries, archives, and museums around the world").
>>>>>
>>>>> Possibly the study question should be about finding the most permanent
>>>>> printer-ink-substrate combo (for ethanol?) in each category (laser, inkjet,
>>>>> thermal transfer), and then comparing categories. This would involve
>>>>> thinking about *the best ways to test permanence for labels in fluids* -
>>>>> for example, in my own published paper I presented a form of accelerated
>>>>> aging as a testing method. What would be the best way for testing, other
>>>>> than waiting 50-100 years? Maybe discussing this with people at the Image
>>>>> Permanence Institute could help.
>>>>>
>>>>> Gali
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> On Fri, Apr 10, 2026 at 5:18 PM Robert Waller <rw at protectheritage.com>
>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Hi Gali,
>>>>> Your suggestion "to understand the "recipe" as much as possible" seems
>>>>> a very good idea.
>>>>> If you or someone else decides to initiate a task group within SPNHC
>>>>> to take that on, I suggest you reach out to archives and paper conservators
>>>>> through their discussion groups as they may already have useful information
>>>>> available. Perhaps the subject could be suggested as a good research
>>>>> project for a conservation student. That is, a compilation of information
>>>>> combined with some experimentation for validation.
>>>>> Rob
>>>>>
>>>>> ------------------------------
>>>>> *From:* Nhcoll-l <nhcoll-l-bounces at mailman.yale.edu> on behalf of
>>>>> Gali Beiner <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>
>>>>> *Sent:* Thursday, April 09, 2026 4:17 PM
>>>>> *To:* Ian Engelbrecht <ianicus.za at gmail.com>
>>>>> *Cc:* NHCOLL-new <nhcoll-l at mailman.yale.edu>
>>>>> *Subject:* Re: [Nhcoll-l] Desktop thermal printers?
>>>>>
>>>>> Redesigning is already happening: new tech pops in, for example the
>>>>> thermal transfer printers are new compared to inkjets, and new substrates
>>>>> are also being developed.
>>>>>
>>>>> One way to deal with inevitable change is to understand the "recipe"
>>>>> as much as possible and seek out the "cleaner" products - as in the case of
>>>>> "OBA free, acid free, lignin free" etc paper or understanding which types
>>>>> of toners are likely to be more permanent. Understanding the technology as
>>>>> much as possible and testing what we can may help narrow down choices and
>>>>> set clearer standards. The other way is to remain out of it and use
>>>>> handwritten labels, but it seems that all of us regard this option mostly
>>>>> as a ship that has sailed: too hard to get the workforce to do it.
>>>>>
>>>>> Gali
>>>>>
>>>>> Gali Beiner (ACR)
>>>>> Conservator, Palaeontology Lab
>>>>> National Natural History Collections
>>>>> The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
>>>>> Berman Building, Edmond J. Safra campus, Givat Ram
>>>>> Jerusalem 91904, Israel
>>>>> Fax. 972-2-6585785
>>>>> *gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il* <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>
>>>>> *https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en* <https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en>
>>>>>
>>>>> בתאריך יום ה׳, 9 באפר׳ 2026, 21:49, מאת Ian Engelbrecht <
>>>>> ianicus.za at gmail.com>:
>>>>>
>>>>> Plus the fact that things change over time. HP printer - toner - paper
>>>>> combination might work now, but will it still 30 years from now when
>>>>> they’ve redesigned one or three of those components?
>>>>>
>>>>> Ian
>>>>>
>>>>> On Thu, 09 Apr 2026 at 18:20, Gali Beiner <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>
>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Doug is pointing out the heart of the problem - the variety of
>>>>> printing combinations which makes comparisons difficult.
>>>>>
>>>>> In fact, the variations in the way printer-ink-subsrate (paper or
>>>>> other) combinations work is the main reason why manufacturers recommend
>>>>> using their own brand for all three parts of the combo. In other words, the
>>>>> manufacturers say HP printers are supposed to yield better, more permanent
>>>>> results with original HP toners and HP specialized paper. The same goes for
>>>>> Canon, Epson or any other brand. Testing according to conservation
>>>>> parameters can work with that - or at least look very carefully into what,
>>>>> exactly is chosen for use (eg paper - OBA free, lignin free etc etc).
>>>>>
>>>>> The way things stand now - with endless possible variations and
>>>>> combinations - basically means it is up to us to try and set the criteria
>>>>> of choice and monitor whether that works. Not easy, but possibly we can
>>>>> try.
>>>>>
>>>>> Gali
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Gali Beiner (ACR)
>>>>> Conservator, Palaeontology Lab
>>>>> National Natural History Collections
>>>>> The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
>>>>> Berman Building, Edmond J. Safra campus, Givat Ram
>>>>> Jerusalem 91904, Israel
>>>>> Fax. 972-2-6585785
>>>>> *gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il* <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>
>>>>> *https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en* <https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en>
>>>>>
>>>>> בתאריך יום ה׳, 9 באפר׳ 2026, 18:46, מאת Douglas Yanega <
>>>>> dyanega at gmail.com>:
>>>>>
>>>>> On 4/8/26 11:38 PM, Gali Beiner wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Other than that, I think that maybe we could use this forum to up the
>>>>> level of testing a bit - after all we have a pool of collection
>>>>> professionals here, all with the same problem to solve re:labels for wet
>>>>> collections (mainly alcohol but also other). Why shouldn't we gather
>>>>> ourselves into a group of say 5 to 10 people in different collections and
>>>>> agree on some sort of protocol for different labels in each collection (or
>>>>> maybe sets of different labels to be tested in all collections, we could
>>>>> consider the details) - and have this followed both in the short and long
>>>>> terms? That would be more interesting than any individual test. Dear
>>>>> readers in this forum, how does this sound to you?
>>>>>
>>>>> Compilation of different people's experiences have been done here and
>>>>> elsewhere with some regularity, and one thing that is a universal
>>>>> impediment to generating a coherent picture is the variability of the
>>>>> medium that is being printed on. Comparisons of different printers are
>>>>> nearly meaningless if the "tests" are on different paper stock.
>>>>>
>>>>> The most dramatic example I can offer is one from personal experience:
>>>>> back in 1990, we obtained a Laserjet, a fairly new technology at that time,
>>>>> and printed thousands of labels for both dry and ethanol specimens. The
>>>>> first several months everything worked flawlessly, and to this day, almost
>>>>> 40 years on, those original labels are perfectly fine, even the ones stored
>>>>> in ethanol. Then one day we ran out of the existing stock of paper, bought
>>>>> a new ream, and loaded it into the printer without changing anything else.
>>>>> The lettering on those labels chipped, flaked, and rubbed off the dry
>>>>> labels, and when we tried to put them into ethanol, the letters floated
>>>>> off. No alteration of settings was involved, and nothing we did made the
>>>>> labels viable. That is, until we checked the packaging on the original
>>>>> ream; we found it was not the exact same thing that we had switched to, so
>>>>> we bought something IDENTICAL, and the resulting labels were just fine
>>>>> again. The problem had literally nothing to do with the printer, and
>>>>> everything to do with the paper.
>>>>>
>>>>> Again, any "test" that does not control for the medium will not be a
>>>>> fair and objective test of the merits of a printer.
>>>>>
>>>>> We presently use an HP Laser printer, and yes, we have had to try
>>>>> different types of paper to find paper stocks that work well with this
>>>>> printer. Not all do. Even worse, when we use "replacement" toner cartridges
>>>>> (not the official HP brand), sometimes *but not always*, the printing
>>>>> is slightly flaky and easily abraded. That means there are at least THREE
>>>>> parameters that need to be controlled: the printer, the medium, and the
>>>>> toner. Variation in any one of those three can lead to variation in the
>>>>> quality of the results. This makes objective assessment and testing
>>>>> *very* difficult, and ultimately it's just a litany of anecdotes.
>>>>>
>>>>> Peace,
>>>>>
>>>>> --
>>>>> Doug Yanega Dept. of Entomology Entomology Research Museum
>>>>> Univ. of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0314 phone: 951-827-4315
>>>>> FaceBook: Doug Yanega (disclaimer: opinions are mine, not UCR's)
>>>>> https://faculty.ucr.edu/~heraty/yanega.html
>>>>> "There are some enterprises in which a careful disorderliness
>>>>> is the true method" - Herman Melville, Moby Dick, Chap. 82
>>>>>
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>>>>>
>>>>> --
>>>>> Gali Beiner (ACR)
>>>>> Conservator, Palaeontology Lab
>>>>> National Natural History Collections
>>>>> The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
>>>>> Berman Building, Edmond J. Safra campus, Givat Ram
>>>>> Jerusalem 91904, Israel
>>>>> Fax. 972-2-6585785
>>>>> *gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il* <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>
>>>>> *https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en* <https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en>
>>>>>
>>>>> _______________________________________________
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>>>>>
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>>>>>
>>>>> --
>>>>>
>>>>> ******
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> *Dirk Neumann*
>>>>>
>>>>> Collection Manager, Hamburg
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Postal address:
>>>>>
>>>>> *Museum of Nature Hamburg*
>>>>> Leibniz Institute for the Analysis
>>>>>
>>>>> of Biodiversity Change
>>>>>
>>>>> Dirk Neumann
>>>>>
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>>>>>
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> NHCOLL-L is brought to you by the Society for the Preservation of
> Natural History Collections (SPNHC), an international society whose
> mission is to improve the preservation, conservation and management of
> natural history collections to ensure their continuing value to
> society. See http://www.spnhc.org for membership information.
> Advertising on NH-COLL-L is inappropriate.
>
>
> --
>
> ******
>
>
>
> *Dirk Neumann*
>
> Collection Manager, Hamburg
>
>
>
> Postal address:
>
> *Museum of Nature Hamburg*
> Leibniz Institute for the Analysis
>
> of Biodiversity Change
>
> Dirk Neumann
>
> Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3
>
> 20146 Hamburg
> +49 40 238 317 – 628
>
> *d.neumann at leibniz-lib.de <d.neumann at leibniz-lib.de>*
>
> www.leibniz-lib.de
>
>
>
> --
> Stiftung Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels
> Postanschrift: Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany
>
> Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts;
> Generaldirektion: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Misof (Generaldirektor), Adrian
> Grüter (Kaufm. Geschäftsführer)
> Sitz der Stiftung: Adenauerallee 160 in Bonn
> Vorsitzender des Stiftungsrates: Dr. Michael Wappelhorst
>
>
> --
> Stiftung Leibniz-Institut zur Analyse des Biodiversitätswandels
> Postanschrift: Adenauerallee 127, 53113 Bonn, Germany
>
> Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts;
> Generaldirektion: Prof. Dr. Bernhard Misof (Generaldirektor), Adrian
> Grüter (Kaufm. Geschäftsführer)
> Sitz der Stiftung: Adenauerallee 160 in Bonn
> Vorsitzender des Stiftungsrates: Dr. Michael H. Wappelhorst
> _______________________________________________
> Nhcoll-l mailing list
> Nhcoll-l at mailman.yale.edu
> https://mailman.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo/nhcoll-l
>
> _______________________________________________
> NHCOLL-L is brought to you by the Society for the Preservation of
> Natural History Collections (SPNHC), an international society whose
> mission is to improve the preservation, conservation and management of
> natural history collections to ensure their continuing value to
> society. See http://www.spnhc.org for membership information.
> Advertising on NH-COLL-L is inappropriate.
>
--
Gali Beiner (ACR)
Conservator, Palaeontology Lab
National Natural History Collections
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Berman Building, Edmond J. Safra campus, Givat Ram
Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Fax. 972-2-6585785
*gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il <gali.beiner at mail.huji.ac.il>*
*https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en <https://nnhc.huji.ac.il/?lang=en>*
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