Subspecies and protection

[Paul Cherubini]

Pierre Zagatti wrote:

> Yes, all monarch populations in the tropics are 'non-migrant'. 

Maybe not.
The Monarch (Danaus plexippus) is reported to migrate in
Costa Rica. Below is part of the abstract I copied from a paper 
I found in the book "Biology and Conservation of the 
Monarch Butterfly, edited by Malcolm & Zalucki, 
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, 1993 pp 201-206.

SEASONAL MIGRATION OF MONARCHS AND OTHER 
BUTTERFLIES IN COSTA RICA

William A. Haber

"Unlike the north-south migration of North American monarchs,
migration in Costa Rican butterflies, including monarchs, was 
oriented east-west across the country between seasonally dry, 
semideciduous Pacific habitats and evergreen Atlantic habitats.
Emmigration from dry forest peaked in mid-dry season 
(February), while monarch migration peaked in late dry
season (March-April).²