papilio joanae - Heritage data overview
John Shuey
jshuey at tnc.org
Mon Jan 29 09:26:32 EST 2001
Ron Gatrelle noted that the USGS web page apparently ignores P joanae
and that this has implications relative to conservation. Keep in mind
that that web site is designed for public consumption and participation,
and while I can't claim to understand data quality or decisions, it does
not play much of a role in the conservation community (in fact I think
it probably plays zero role).
In that line, I've downloaded the P. joanae abstract from the Heritage
Network (http://www.natureserve. org/servlet/NatureServe) where I
understand the decision process. Essentially designed to capture
recognizable evolutionary units (many with no names) for selected
groups, this is the primary source of data for state conservation
programs, TNC (of course) and increasingly for EPA, US-FS, US-FWS, and
USGS. Unlike the public USGS web site, data are tightly screened before
they are entered, and the data are linked to source, site, time and
environmental setting. (hence the time lag in getting data into the
system that can frustrate many contributors). There are two parts to
the data/web site, one private (which has all the raw data) and one
public. I've copied the public summary for P joanae below:
-
John Shuey
________________________________________________________
Comprehensive Report: Record 1 of 1 selected.
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Papilio joanae - J. R. Heitzman, 1974
JOAN'S SWALLOWTAIL
Heritage Identifier: IILEP94020
Informal Taxonomy: Animals, Invertebrates - Insects - Butterflies and
Moths - Butterflies and Skippers
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
ANIMALIA
MANDIBULATA
INSECTA
LEPIDOPTERA
PAPILIONIDAE
PAPILIO
Genus Size: 21+ species
Taxonomic Comments: Scott (1986) and a few others have considered this
a synonym of P. POLYXENES, but recent
mitcochondrial DNA work by Felix Sperling not only shows these are
distinct species but that JONAE is closer to P. MACHAON than
to the sympatric P. POLYXENES.
Conservation Status
Heritage Status
Global Conservation Status Rank: G3 (01Sep1998)
Rounded Global Conservation Status Rank: G3
Global Conservation Status Rank Reasons:
Very restricted range, but not believed to be in serious
trouble now. However, population dynamics and number of
metapopulations are not really understood. Threats are almost
certain to increase within a few decades when gypsy
moth becomes a widespread pest in the Ozarks, which will
likely result in extensive spraying at least for a few years.
Nation: United States
National Conservation Status Rank: N3 (01Sep1998)
U.S. & Canada State/Province Conservation Status Ranks
United States
Arkansas (S1?), Missouri (S3)
Other Statuses
Distribution
Endemism: endemic to a single nation
U.S. & Canada State/Province Distribution
United States
AR, MO
Global Range: narrow endemic (less than 100 square miles)
Global Range Comments: Very limited global range; essentially
confined to the Ozark Region of Missouri and rarely
adjacent Arkansas. One isolated record in Kentucky is of unknown
significance.
Rank Factors
Global Abundance: 3,000 - 10,000 individuals, 10,000 - 50,000
acres, and 50 - 250 miles
Estimated Number of Element Occurrences: 21-100
Comments: Not particularly rare in Missouri but with a very limited
global range. Nearly confined to that state.
Global Protection: Unknown whether any element occurrences
protected
Comments: Occurrences in parks, etc. are probably protected for
now. However, these may be threatened in the rather
near future by gypsy moth spraying.
Threats: Threat likely to increase greatly if gypsy moth spraying
becomes widespread in Missouri. Gypsy moth will
become a generalized problem there in the early 21st century.
Presumably recolonization will occur in small spray
blocks, but large suppression or eradication projects using BTK
(especially if sprayed more than once) or persistent (on
foliage) chemcial biocides could eliminate occurrences long term.
There is growing evidence that swallowtail larvae are
exceptionally sensitive to BTK and that, in contrast to most
sensitive Lepidoptera, larvae may be killed by the residue
more than a month after application. It is not certain, but likely,
that this species will prove highly susceptible. There is
very little chance the gypsy moth itself would have a great impact
on this species, and any limited impact might even be
positive if oak-kill were to create new openings. There seems to be
no evidence that collecting has been a problem and
little chance that limited collecting would be--and collecting will
usually be required to confirm a new occurrence.
However, it is possible that intensive collecting for sale or
exchange, especially of adult females or larvae, could impact
populations. Fire at any season would be likely to cause high to
total mortality in the affected area. Occasional wildfires
probably create or improve habitat but it is likely frequent
rotational burning (return intervals less than 5-10 years) have a
negative impact. Impact of logging needs investigation. Thinning in
particular might improve habitat. Herbiciding or
otherwise destroying the understory would definitely have a
negative impact by destroying foodplant and nectar
flowers--possibly for decades or longer. Loss and fragmentation of
habitat and gypsy moth spraying are the major
concerns.
Fragility: Fairly resistant (e.g.. Northern raven)
Comments: Likely to persist if habitat does unless eliminated by
large scale gypsy moth spraying or very large fires.
Management Summary
Stewardship Overview: No, or very limited, gypsy moth spraying with
either BTK or chemicals. Use Gypcheck if
available, let most outbreaks run their course otherwise. Probably
seriously affected by frequent fires. Adults should
recolonize afterwards but it probably takes several years for
populations to fully recover. Frequent fires or spraying will
probably cause a long term decline or at least overall reduced
numbers even if recovery is apparent after individual
episodes. Fires might improve overgrown habitat but are not
recommended for now in good habitat. For now if fires must
be used the interval between them should be as long as possible
consistent with the goals of burning. Burning more often
than once a decade is unlikely to benefit this species, or most
specialized associated Lepidoptera, in most situations.
Impacts of infrequent fires need investigation.
Biological Research Needs: Better understanding of impacts of
infrequent fires is needed. Information on population
structure and size is needed at some of the better occurrences
using mark-release-recapture methods in order to better
evaluate EORANKs there.
Ecology & Life History
Basic Elements Description: Butterfly, Papilionidae.
Diagnostic Characteristics: Very difficult to identify, but
posssible see literature cited.
Mobility Comments: A large, presumably strong flying butterfly.
Non-migratory but presumably very mobile within
habitats.
Terrestrial Habitat(s): FOREST - HARDWOOD, SAVANNAH, WOODLAND -
HARDWOOD
Habitat Comments: Habitats are mostly cedar glades, various other
openings and sparsely wooded areas within ozark
dry forests. This species does not use highly disturbed weedy or
agricultural habitats such as favored by PAPILIO
POLYXENES ASTERIAS.
Adult Food Habits: NECTARIVORE
Immature Food Habits: HERBIVORE
Food Comments: Larvae feed on various plants in the carrot family
including species of THASPIUM, TAENIDIA, and
ZIZIA.
Adult Phenology: DIRUNAL
Immature Phenology: HIBERNATES/AESTIVATES
Phenology Comments: First adults eclose from overwintered pupae in
spring, i.e. April probably into May, and begin
ovipositing in a few days. Eggs probably hatch in a week or two
depending on temperature. Larval and pupal stage then
probably take about seven weeks after which the second adult brood
starts. Reports of adults from April to September
(e.g. Opler, 1992) suggest a partial third brood. Larvae probably
occur into October. It is not known if some first brood
pupae overwinter.
Authors/Contributors
Global Ranking Factors Edition Date: 03Feb1998
Global Ranking Factors Author: Schweitzer, D.F.
Element Ecology & Life History Edition Date: 03Feb1998
Element Ecology & Life History Author(s): SCHWEITZER, D.F
Zoological data developed by The Association for Biodiversity's
Central Zoology group, in cooperation with U.S. Natural
Heritage Programs and Canadian Conservation Data Centers and other
contributors and cooperators(see About the Data,
Data Sources and Data Management).
References
Heitzman, J. R., 1974 ["1973"] Journal of Research on the
Lepidoptera 12:3-7.
Heitzman, J. Richard and Joan E. Heitzman, 1987. Butterflies and
Moths of Missouri. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, Jefferson
City, MO. 385pp.
Opler, P.A. (chair), J.M. Burns, J.D. LaFontaine, R.K. Robbins,
and F. Sperling. 1998. Scientific names of North American
butterflies. Fort Collins, CO. Unpublished review draft.
Opler, P.A. and V. Malikul. 1992. Eastern Butterflies (Peterson
Field Guide). Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston,
Massachusetts. 396 pp. + color plates.
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